The Limits of Indonesia’s Legal Framework for Electromobility
Regulatory and Sustainable Issues
Abstract
The rise in global temperature indicates the impact of climate change, encouraging more countries to adapt and seek practical solutions. Several countries, including Indonesia, have begun to regulate electric vehicles because of the commitment to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. It simultaneously provides opportunities for developing electric vehicles to prevent more use of fossil fuels. This study aimed to discuss and explore Indonesia's trajectory to develop a legal framework for electromobility that started to be drafted in 2019. This framework has resulted in legal fissures because of the lack of regulations to promote electric vehicles against the environmental aspects, whereas it tends to focus on industrial development. Finally, this study discussed regulatory issues and predicted the future of Indonesia's electromobility legal development through the lens of sustainability. This study used normative legal research whose analysis inventoried and identified several laws and regulations on electromobility in Indonesia with particular criteria. This study showed that Indonesia's legal development of electromobility is being accomplished by autonomous and inconsistent delegated regulations with technical and non-technology aspects. Adopting a legal instrument through Presidential Regulation is insufficient to build an electromobility ecosystem that involves many sectors. In contrast, an imbalance in the regulatory framework, the three pillars of sustainability, and the economic dimension outweigh the social and environmental factors. Insofar, the regulations adopted prioritize the economic aspect, and the framework has impacted other industries, including mining and international trade, due to the need for nickel and manganese as raw materials for electric vehicle batteries.
Keywords: Electromobility, Indonesia, Legal Framework, Sustainability.
References
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Naumanen, M et al., "Development strategies for heavy-duty electric battery vehicles: Comparison between China, EU, Japan and USA" (2019) 151:June Resources, Conservation and Recycling 104413.
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Pietrzak, Oliwia & Krystian Pietrzak, “The economic effects of electromobility in sustainable urban public transport” (2021) 14:4 Energies.
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Schröder, Martin, “Electric vehicle policy in Thailand: Limitations of product champions” (2021) 0:0 Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 1–26.
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Syamnur, F H et al., "Barriers to the adoption, acceptance and public perceptions of Electric Vehicles (EV) in Indonesia: Case studies in the city of Surakarta" (2019) 1402:4 Journal of Physics: Conference Series 6–11.
Tucki, Karol, et al., "The development of electromobility in Poland and EU states as a tool for the management of CO2 emissions" (2019) 12:15 Energies 1–22.
Tucki, Karol, Olga Orynycz & Mateusz Mitoraj-Wojtanek, “Perspectives for mitigation of CO2 emission due to development of electromobility in several countries” (2020) 13:6 Energies 1-24.
Vassileva, Iana & Javier Campillo, “Adoption barriers for electric vehicles: Experiences from early adopters in Sweden” (2017) 120 Energy 632–641.
Wang, Ning, Huizhong Pan & Wenhui Zheng, “Assessment of the incentives on electric vehicle promotion in China” (2017) 101:2017 Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 177–189.
Yusa, I Gede & Bagus Hermanto, “Implementasi Green Constitution di Indonesia: Jaminan Hak Konstitusional Pembangunan Lingkungan Hidup Berkelanjutan” (2018) 15:2 Jurnal Konstitusi 306.
Zaelani, “Pelimpahan Kewenangan Dalam Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan (Delegation of Authority The Estabilshment of Legislation Regulation)” (2012) 9:1 Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia 119–134.
Zhang, Xiang, Xue Bai & Jennifer Shang, “Is subsidized electric vehicles adoption sustainable: Consumers’ perceptions and motivation toward incentive policies, environmental benefits, and risks” (2018) 192 Journal of Cleaner Production 71–79.
Altenburg, Tilman, Eike W Schamp & Ankur Chaudhary, “The emergence of electromobility: Comparing technological pathways in France, Germany, China and India” (2016) 43:4 Science and Public Policy 464–475.
Anggono, Bayu Dwi, “Tertib Jenis, Hierarki, dan Materi Muatan Perauran Perundang-undangan: Permasalahan dan Solusinya” (2018) 47:1 Masalah-Masalah Hukum 1–9.
Astutik, Ramadhani Puji & Anita Trisiana, “Formation of Indonesia’s National Law System” (2020) 7:2 Jurnal Hukum Prasada 85–90.
Auvinen, Heidi, et al., "Electromobility Scenarios: Research Findings to Inform Policy" (2016) 14 Transportation Research Procedia 2564–2573.
Baizura, Maizathul, Emilda Firdaus & Mexsasai Indra, “Penataan Pendelegasian Perundang-Undangan dalam Pembentukan Peraturan Daerah Dikaitkan Dengan Realisasi Program Pembentukan Peraturan Daerah Undang-undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun
1945 ( UUD 1945 ), sebagai dasar dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan” (2021) 5:2 Riau Law Journal 240–263.
Barton, Barry & Peter Schütte, “Electric vehicle law and policy: A comparative analysis” (2017) 35:2 Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law 147–170.
Bradbrook, Adrian J, “Creating Law for Next Generation Energy Technologies” (2011) Winter 201 Journal of Energy & Environmental Law 17–38.
Bühler, Franziska, et al., "Is EV experience related to EV acceptance? Results from a German field study" (2014) 25:PART A Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 34–49.
Cansino, José M, Antonio Sánchez-Braza & Teresa Sanz-Díaz, "Policy instruments to promote electromobility in the EU28: A comprehensive review" (2018) 10:7 Sustainability (Switzerland) 1–27.
Coffman, Makena, Paul Bernstein & Sherilyn Wee, “Electric vehicles revisited: a review of factors that affect adoption” (2017) 37:1 Transport Reviews 79–93.
Degirmenci, Kenan & Michael H Breitner, “Consumer purchase intentions for electric vehicles: Is green more important than price and range?” (2017) 51:2017 Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 250–260.
Du, Jiuyu, Minggao Ouyang & Jingfu Chen, “Prospects for Chinese electric vehicle technologies in 2016–2020: Ambition and rationality” (2017) 120:2017 Energy 584–596.
Egbue, Ona & Suzanna Long, “Barriers to widespread adoption of electric vehicles: An analysis of consumer attitudes and perceptions” (2012) 48:2012 Energy Policy 717–729.
Fadli, Moh, Peraturan Delegasi di Indonesia (Malang: UB Press, 2011).
Faiz, Pan Mohamad, “Perlindungan terhadap Lingkungan dalam Perspektif Konstitusi” (2016) 13:4 Jurnal Konstitusi 766.
Farkas-csamangó, Erika, “The legal environment of electromobility in Hungary” (2020) 28 Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Law 181–190.
Fathorrahman, “Peraturan Delegasi dalam Sistem Peraturan Perundangundangan Indonesia” (2018) 7:2 Rechtens 193–212.
Hansmann, Ralph, Harald A Mieg & Peter Frischknecht, “Principal sustainability components: Empirical analysis of synergies between the three pillars of sustainability” (2012) 19:5 International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 451–459.
He, Xiangbai, "Legal and policy pathways of climate change adaptation: Comparative analysis of the adaptation practices in the United States, Australia, and China" (2018) 7:2 Transnational Environmental Law 347–373.
Higueras-Castillo, Elena, et al., "Adoption of electric vehicles: Which factors are really important?" (2021) 15:10 International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 799–813.
Husen, Ahmad, “Eksistensi Peraturan Presiden Dalam Sistem Peraturan Perundang-Undangan” (2019) 3:1 Lex Scientia Law Review 69–78.
Islam, M Rezaul & Niaz Ahmed Khan, “Threats, vulnerability, resilience and displacement among the climate change and natural disasteraffected people in South-East Asia: an overview” (2018) 23:2 Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 297–323.
Kresnawan, Muhammad Rizki, et al., Electric Vehicle Readiness in Southeast Asia: a PEST Policy Review (ASEAN Centre for Energy, 2021).
Kucukvar, Murat & Omer Tatari, "Towards a triple-bottom-line sustainability assessment of the US construction industry" (2013) 18:5 International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 958–972.
Langbroek, Joram HM, Joel P Franklin & Yusak O Susilo, “The effect of policy incentives on electric vehicle adoption” (2016) 94 Energy Policy 94–103.
Lim, Byungkwon, Hyeon Sook Kim & Jaehwan Park, “Implicit interpretation of Indonesian export bans on LME nickel prices: Evidence from the announcement effect" (2021) 9:5 Risks 1–7.
Listiningrum, Prischa, “Eksistensi Dan Kedudukan Peraturan Presiden Dalam Hierarki Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Di Indonesia” (2019) 12:2 Arena Hukum 337–355.
Maghfiroh, Meilinda Fitriani Nur, Andante Hadi Pandyaswargo & Hiroshi Onoda, “Current readiness status of electric vehicles in Indonesia: Multistakeholder perceptions” (2021) 13:23 Sustainability (Switzerland) 1–25.
Mahalana, Aditya, Zifei Yang & Francisco Posada, Indonesia transport electrification strategy, by Aditya Mahalana, Zifei Yang & Francisco Posada, 36 (2021).
Meckling, Jonas & Jonas Nahm, “When do states disrupt industries? Electric cars and the politics of innovation” (2018) 25:4 Review of International Political Economy 505–529.
———, “When Do States Disrupt Industries? Electric Cars in Germany and the United States Working Paper Series” (2017) March MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research 1–38.
Mensah, Justice, “Sustainable development: Meaning, history, principles, pillars, and implications for human action: Literature review” (2019) 5:1 Cogent Social Sciences.
Miemczyk, Joe & Davide Luzzini, “Achieving triple bottom line sustainability in supply chains: The role of environmental, social and risk assessment practices” (2019) 39:2 International Journal of Operations and Production Management 238–259.
Morgan, Jamie, “Electric vehicles: The future we made and the problem of unmaking it” (2020) 44:4 Cambridge Journal of Economics 953–977.
Nalle, Victor Imanuel W, “Kedudukan Peraturan Kebijakan dalam Undang-Undang Administrasi Pemerintahan” (2016) 10:1 Refleksi Hukum 1–16.
Nanaki, Evanthia A, Spyros Kiartzis & George A Xydis, “Are only demand-based policy incentives enough to deploy electromobility?” (2020) 0:0 Policy Studies 1–17.
Natalia, Yolanda, Irvanu Rahman & Akhmad Hidayatno, Conceptual Model for Understanding the Policy Challenges of Electric Vehicle Adoption in Indonesia (Macau, 2020).
Naumanen, M et al., "Development strategies for heavy-duty electric battery vehicles: Comparison between China, EU, Japan and USA" (2019) 151:June Resources, Conservation and Recycling 104413.
Nur, Asrul Ibrahim & Andrian Dwi Kurniawan, “Proyeksi Masa Depan Kendaraan Listrik di Indonesia: Analisis Perspektif Regulasi dan Pengendalian Dampak Perubahan Iklim yang Berkelanjutan” (2021) 7:2 Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 197–220.
Pandyaswargo, Andante Hadi, et al., "The Emerging Electric Vehicle and Battery Industry in Indonesia: Actions around the Nickel Ore Export Ban and a SWOT Analysis" (2021) 7:4 Batteries 80.
Pietrzak, Krystian & Oliwia Pietrzak, “Environmental effects of electromobility in a sustainable urban public transport” (2020) 12:3 Sustainability (Switzerland).
Pietrzak, Oliwia & Krystian Pietrzak, “The economic effects of electromobility in sustainable urban public transport” (2021) 14:4 Energies.
Qurbani, Indah Dwi & Ilham Dwi Rafiqi, “Prospective green constitution in new and renewable energy regulation” (2022) 30:1 Legality : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 68–87.
Schröder, Martin, “Electric vehicle policy in Thailand: Limitations of product champions” (2021) 0:0 Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 1–26.
Schwartz, Stephen E, “Unrealized Global Temperature Increase: Implications of Current Uncertainties” (2018) 123:7 Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 3462–3482.
Setiawan, Indra Chandra, “Policy simulation of Electricity-based Vehicle utilization in Indonesia (electrified vehicle- HEV, PHEV, BEV, and FCEV)” (2019) 2:1 Automotive Experiences 1–8.
Sjåfjell, Beate, Tiina Häyhä & Sarah Cornell, “A Research-Based Approach to the UN Sustainable Development Goals. A Prerequisite to Sustainable Business” (2020) 02 University of Oslo Faculty of Law Legal Studies Research Paper Series.
Skowrońska-Szmer, Anna & Anna Kowalska-Pyzalska, “Key factors of development of electromobility among microentrepreneurs: A case study from Poland” (2021) 14:3 Energies.
Steinhilber, Simone, Peter Wells & Samarthia Thankappan, “Sociotechnical inertia: Understanding the barriers to electric vehicles” (2013) 60 Energy Policy 531–539.
Syamnur, F H et al., "Barriers to the adoption, acceptance and public perceptions of Electric Vehicles (EV) in Indonesia: Case studies in the city of Surakarta" (2019) 1402:4 Journal of Physics: Conference Series 6–11.
Tucki, Karol, et al., "The development of electromobility in Poland and EU states as a tool for the management of CO2 emissions" (2019) 12:15 Energies 1–22.
Tucki, Karol, Olga Orynycz & Mateusz Mitoraj-Wojtanek, “Perspectives for mitigation of CO2 emission due to development of electromobility in several countries” (2020) 13:6 Energies 1-24.
Vassileva, Iana & Javier Campillo, “Adoption barriers for electric vehicles: Experiences from early adopters in Sweden” (2017) 120 Energy 632–641.
Wang, Ning, Huizhong Pan & Wenhui Zheng, “Assessment of the incentives on electric vehicle promotion in China” (2017) 101:2017 Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 177–189.
Yusa, I Gede & Bagus Hermanto, “Implementasi Green Constitution di Indonesia: Jaminan Hak Konstitusional Pembangunan Lingkungan Hidup Berkelanjutan” (2018) 15:2 Jurnal Konstitusi 306.
Zaelani, “Pelimpahan Kewenangan Dalam Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan (Delegation of Authority The Estabilshment of Legislation Regulation)” (2012) 9:1 Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia 119–134.
Zhang, Xiang, Xue Bai & Jennifer Shang, “Is subsidized electric vehicles adoption sustainable: Consumers’ perceptions and motivation toward incentive policies, environmental benefits, and risks” (2018) 192 Journal of Cleaner Production 71–79.
Published
2022-07-31
How to Cite
IBRAHIM NUR, Asrul.
The Limits of Indonesia’s Legal Framework for Electromobility.
Lentera Hukum, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 2, p. 211-236, july 2022.
ISSN 2621-3710.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/ejlh/article/view/31200>. Date accessed: 26 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v9i2.31200.
Section
Articles
