Resilient Traditions, Modern Realities
Women's Agency in Minangkabau's Political Economy
Abstract
This study explores the political economy of Minangkabau, a culturally rich and the world’s largest matrilineal community. The research focuses on understanding the power dynamics between men and women by conducting a gender analysis. The findings reveal that Minangkabau women hold a unique and privileged societal position. Traditionally, societal expectations allocate more roles and responsibilities to men, particularly in economic and political domains. Contemporarily, the special rights held by women have faded and been replaced by dominant male gender roles. Some gender roles have begun to disappear, such as the role of Bundo kanduang, mamak and tigo tungku sajarangan. In accessing economic resources, Minangkabau women experience challenges from men, private parties, and the government. These ignore the role of women as the legitimate owners of inherited property in Minangkabau land. Meanwhile, Minangkabau women have difficulty competing with men within systems that tend to be biased for political resources. In addition, Minangkabau women increasingly participate in productive work, demonstrating their ability to compete with men in the labor market. Despite these advancements, the study highlights a challenge for Minangkabau women.
Keywords: Matrilineal, Gender, Political Economy, Gender Roles, Resources, Gender Division of Labor
References
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Yolanda, Sari Martha, Dewi Anggraini & Indah Adi Putri, “Gerakan Perempuan Salingka Gunung Talang dalam Menolak Pembangunan Geothermal di Kabupaten Solok” (2021) 1:1 Tanah Pilih 20–32.
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Amaliatulwalidain, “Dinamika Representasi Peran Politik Bundo Kanduang Dalam Sistem Pemerintahan Nagari Moderen Dari Representasi Substantif Menuju Representasi Formal Deskriftif” (2016) 1:1.
Amran, Rusli, Sumatra Barat: Plakat Panjang (Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1985).
Ariani, Iva, “Nilai filosofis budaya matrilineal di Minangkabau (relevansinya bagi pengembangan hak-hak perempuan di Indonesia)” (2015) 25:1 Jurnal Filsafat 32–55.
Arifin Zainal, “Buru Babi: Politik Identitas Laki-laki Minangkabau” (2012) 24:1 Humaniora 29–36.
Asrinaldi, Asrinaldi & Yoserizal Yoserizal, “Problems with the implementation of Adat Basandi Syarak Syarak Basandi Kitabullah philosophy” (2020) 33:2 Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 162.
Asrinaldi, Asrinaldi, “Delegitimisation of Indonesian Traditional Leaders: An Analysis in Minangkabau, West Sumatra Province” (2022) 13:2 Politika: Jurnal Ilmu Politik 253–273.
Aziz, Erwati, Mohammad Dzofir & Aris Widodo, “The Acculturation of Islam and Customary Law: an Experience of Minangkabau, Indonesia” (2020) 8:1 QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies) 131.
Bahauddin, A et al, The Minangkabau house: architectural and cultural elements (2012).
Benda-Beckmann, Franz von & Keebet von Benda-Beckmann, “Identity in dispute: law, religion, and identity in Minangkabau” (2012) 13:4 Asian Ethnicity 341–358.
Best, Jacqueline & Matthew Paterson, Introduction: Understanding cultural political economy (2009).
Blackwood, Evelyn, ———, “Women, land, and labor: Negotiating clientage and kinship in a Minangkabau peasant community” (1997) Ethnology 277–293.
Blackwood, Evelyn, “Representing Women: The Politics of Minangkabau Adat Writings” (2001) 60:1 J Asian Stud 125–149.
Blackwood, Evelyn, Webs of power: Women, kin, and community in a Sumatran village (Rowman & Littlefield, 2000).
Brenner, Suzanne, “Webs of Power: Women, Kin, and Community in a Sumatran Village. By Evelyn Blackwood. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2000. xvi, 219 pp. 21.95” (2001) 60:3 J Asian Stud 913–915.
Browne, William P, Groups, Interests, and U.S. Public Policy (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1998).
Caws, Peter, Identity: Cultural, Transcultural, and Multicultural (1994).
Darlong, Joel Lalengliana & Shardin Suting, “role of Khasi women among the Khasi tribe in Meghalaya’s Jatah Lakadong village” (2023) 2:09 Sprin Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 62–68.
Dewi, Susi Fitria et al, “The role of culture in cross-cultural marriage among Minangkabau women” (2019) 20:9 J Int Womens Stud 68–82.
Dinas Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak Provinsi Sumatera Barat, PROFIL GENDER DAN ANAK 2016, by Dinas Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak Provinsi Sumatera Barat (2017).
Djalius, Yusmarni, “Minangkabau Women and Change” (2010) 25:3 Sarjana 161–174.
Dzahene-Quarshie, Josephine & Shani Omari, “Viewing gender through the eyes of proverbs: Reflections of gender ideology in the Akan and Swahili societies” (2021) 174 J Pragmat 128–142.
Eliza, Eliza, Danarti hariani & D Pratama, Cultural Effects of Economic Activity Minangkabau Society (EAI, 2019).
Erianjoni, Erianjoni, “Pergeseran Citra Wanita Minangkabau: Dari Konsepsi Ideal-Tradisional ke Realitas” (2011) 1:2 Kafa`ah: Journal of Gender Studies 225.
Erlina F Santika, Sumatra Barat Punya Tenaga Profesional Perempuan Paling Banyak se-Indonesia 2022, by Erlina F Santika (Padang, 2023).
Ertati, Lenni & Saefur Rochmat, “Pengaruh Sistem Kekerabatan Matrilineal dalam Kegiatan Pertanian dan Perdagangan Lada di Minangkabau Pada Abad XVI” (2017) 9 Jurnal Pemikiran Pendidikan dan Penelitian Kesejarahan 299–305.
Fakih, Mansour, Analisis gender dan transformasi sosial (Yogyakarta: INSISTPress, 2008).
Fatimah, Siti, “Gender dalam Komunitas Masyarakat Minangkabau; Teori, Praktek dan Ruang Lingkup Kajian” (2012) 2:1 Kafa`ah: Journal of Gender Studies 11.
Fatmariza, Fatmariza & R Febriani, Domestic Violence and The Role of Women in Modern Minangkabau Society (EAI, 2019).
Fatmi, Siti Raga, “Permohonan Tanah Ulayat di Minangkabau Menjadi Tanah Hak Milik” (2018) 5:3 Lentera Hukum 392.
Fausia, Lusi & P Nasyiah, “Gender dalam kawasan DAS Citanduy: kajian aktivitas reproduktif dan produktif perempuan dalam sumberdaya alam” (2005).
Ford, Michele & Lyn Parker, Women and work in Indonesia (Routledge, 2008).
Goettner-Abendroth, Heide, “Re-thinking ‘Matriarchy’ in Modern Matriarchal Studies using two examples: The Khasi and the Mosuo” (2018) 24:1 Asian J Women Stud 3–27.
Gunadi, Anne, “The Embodiment of Adat Law as an Element of Legal Certainty in Administration of Adat Rights” (2019) 9:3 Indonesia Law Review.
Hakam, Ahmad, “Contested Gender Roles and Relations in Matriarchal Minangkabau” (2021) 2:1 Muqoddima Jurnal Pemikiran dan Riset Sosiologi 37–46.
Hanif, Akhyar et al, “Sociological Studies Minangkabau Traditional Mariage” (2023) 6:1 Melayu Arts and Performance Journal 95–104, online:
Hien, Josef, “Culture and tax avoidance: the case of Italy” (2021) 15:2 Crit Policy Stud.
Idris, Nurwani, “Perempuan Minangkabau dalam Politik” (2010) 22:2 Humaniora 164–175.
Irawati, Irawati, “Bundo kanduang dan tantangan politik dalam Badan Perwakilan Anak Nagari (BPAN)” (2010) 9:1 Jurnal Demokrasi.
Jelly, Afrizal & Maskota Delfi, “Palang Pintu: Politik Identitas Laki-Laki Minangkabau Sebagai Sebuah Respon Terhadap Stigma Janda” (2019) 9:1 Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik.
Julir, Nenan, Akulturasi Adat Perkawinan Minang ke dalam Hukum Perkawinan Islam dan Relevansinya Terhadap Pengembangan Hukum Keluarga Islam di Indonesia Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung, 2020) [unpublished].
Kahn, JS, “‘Tradition’, matriliny and change among the Minangkabau of Indonesia” (1976) 132:1 Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 64–95.
Koning, Juliette et al, Women and households in Indonesia: cultural notions and social practices (Routledge, 2013).
Kusnandar, Viva Budy, Jumlah Penduduk Sumatera Barat Menurut Agama/Kepercayaan (Jun 2021), by Viva Budy Kusnandar (Padang, 2021).
Lorber, Judith, “Night to his day”: The social construction of gender” (1994) 1 Paradoxes of gender 1–8.
Mariwah, Simon et al, “Gender (In)Equality in Ghana: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Akan Proverbs on Masculinity” (2023) 58:7 J Asian Afr Stud 1156–1172.
Marta Yati, Risa, The Influences of The Modernization of Education toward Minang-Girls’ life inSumatra’s Westkust 1 (1900-1942), by Risa Marta Yati (2014).
Meiyenti, Sri & Afrida Afrida, “The Inequality of Right and Obligation of Minangkabau Men in Matrilineal System” (2018) 7:1 Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Mamangan 12–22.
Mulya Nalien, Elvira, Ira Meiyenti & Ilham Sentosa, “The Role of Tungku Tigo Sajarangan in The Community Development Planning of Minangkabau, Indonesia” (2020) 12:2 TRANSFORMASI: Jurnal Manajemen Pemerintahan 141–155, online:
Mutolib Yonariza, Abdul, Gender Inequality and the Oppression of Women within Minangkabau Matrilineal Society: A Case Study of the Management of Ulayat Forest Land in Nagari Bonjol, Dharmasraya District, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia, by Abdul Mutolib Yonariza (2016).
Nasution, S, Sejarah pendidikan Indonesia (Jemmars, 1983).
Navis, AA, Falsafah Minangkabau Dalam Pembangunan Bangsa dan Agama (Jakarta: s.n, 1984).
Nengsih, Novia, “Beban Ganda Perempuan: Penguatan Ekonomi Perempuan Melalui Inklusi Keuangan Syariah di Minangkabau” (2020) 13:2 AL-MAIYYAH: Media Transformasi Gender dalam Paradigma Sosial Keagamaan 172–183.
Ok-Yun, Pak, “Resourcefulness without resources: the life history of a landless Minangkabau village woman” (1996) 24:1 Asian J Soc Sci 97–111.
Padang, Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Sumatera Barat Nomor 07 Tahun 2023, (2023).
Pescarolo, Alessandra, “Productive and reProductive Work” (2018) 30 What is Work?: Gender at the Crossroads of Home, Family, and Business from the Early Modern Era to the Present 114.
Putra, Alridho & Dra Bedriati Ibrahim, The Role of Tungku Tigo Sajarangan in The Community Development Planning of Minangkabau, Indonesia, by Alridho Putra & Dra Bedriati Ibrahim.
Rink, Ute & Laura Barros, “Spending or saving? Female empowerment and financial decisions in a matrilineal society” (2021) 141 World Dev 105342, online:
Ronsi, Gusna, “Citra Perempuan dalam Peribahasa Minangkabau” (2011) 2:1 Jurnal Elektronik WACANA ETNIK 39.
Roswita Sitompula & A Alesyantib, “Inheritance Law Analysis in the Indonesia Minangkabau Matrilineal Society”.
Sanday, P R & R G Goodenough, Beyond the Second Sex: New Directions in the Anthropology of Gender (University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated, 1990).
Sankari, Ratina, “Masyarakat matrilineal terbesar dunia ada di Sumatra Barat”, BBC News Indonesia (7 October 2016).
Schrijvers, Joke & Els Postel-Coster, “Minangkabau women: Change in a matrilineal society” (1977) 13:1 Archipel 79–103.
Selinaswati, Selinaswati, “Women in Politics in Matrilineal Society: A Case Study of West Sumatra, Indonesia”.
Shahriar, Abu Zafar M, “Gender differences in entrepreneurial propensity: Evidence from matrilineal and patriarchal societies” (2018) 33:6 J Bus Ventur 762–779.
Shin, Mihye, Dubravka Žarkov & Freek Schiphorst, What does it means to be a family man in a matrilineal society?, by Mihye Shin, Dubravka Žarkov & Freek Schiphorst.
SIDA, Principles When Planning and Outlining a Gender Analysis, by SIDA (2015).
Suarti, Nindi, Fitri Eriyanti & Afriva Khaidir, “Social Relation of Tungku Tigo Sajarangan Institution in Running Function at Nagari Katiagan”.
Sukmawati, Noni, “Bagurau Saluang Dan Dendang Dalam Perspektif Perubahan Budaya Minangkabau” (2011) 35:2 Bagurau Saluang Dan Dendang Dalam Perspektif Perubahan Budaya Minangkabau.
Sum, Ngai-Ling & Bob Jessop, towards a cultural political economy: Putting culture in its place in political economy (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013).
Suryakusuma, Julia I, “The State and Sexuality in New Order Indonesia” in Laurie J Sears, ed, (Duke University Press, 1996) 92.
Syahrul, Ninawati, et al., Local Wisdom Based Leadership Philosophi Minang Proverb (Atlantis Press, 2024).
Syukur, Iskandar, “Adat Community in the Village Government: State and Society Relations in Indonesia” (2013) 5:1 ASAS: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah.
United Nations, 2009 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development Women’s Control over Economic Resources and Access to Financial Resources, including Microfinance, by United Nations (New York, 2009).
Usmarni, Lusi, “Perbedaan keterlibatan ayah dalam pengasuhan anak pada etnis minang ditinjau dari tingkat pendapatan” (2017) 5:1 Jurnal RAP (Riset Aktual Psikologi Universitas Negeri Padang) 43–52.
Wahyudi, Wendi Ahmad, “Perempuan Minangkabau dari Konsepsi Ideal-Tradisional, Modernisasi, sampai Kehilangan Identitas Nasionalisme Melayu Raya View project Samaun Bakri View project”, online:
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Published
2024-06-29
How to Cite
JAMILAH, Maryam; ANANDA, Satria; ASRINALDI, Asrinaldi.
Resilient Traditions, Modern Realities.
Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 1, p. 89-114, june 2024.
ISSN 2599-2147.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JSEAHR/article/view/45178>. Date accessed: 18 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v8i1.45178.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
