Kirpan Sikh in Indonesian Legal Context
An Analysis of Religious Freedom Protection and the Dynamics of Criminal Law Reform
Abstract
This research delves into the nuanced interplay between religious freedom and legal norms in Indonesia, with a specific focus on the Sikh practice of carrying the kirpan. This ceremonial dagger, integral to Sikh faith and identity, presents a unique challenge within Indonesia's diverse legal and socio-cultural landscape, marked by the country's commitment to Pancasila, which emphasizes religious freedom, unity in diversity, and social justice. By employing a normative juridical approach, this study scrutinizes the tension between the kirpan as a manifestation of religious expression and public safety concerns, utilizing comparative analysis to explore international perspectives and solutions. The investigation reveals a critical need for Indonesia to refine its legal and policy frameworks to more effectively accommodate religious practices like the kirpan. Drawing lessons from countries such as India, the UK, Canada, the US, and Sweden, the research advocates for inclusive legal reforms, enhanced public education, and robust intercultural dialogue. These strategies aim to reconcile the practice of carrying the kirpan with public safety imperatives, reflecting a deeper understanding and respect for religious diversity. The findings underscore the significance of integrating Indonesia's foundational principles of Pancasila into the contemporary discourse on religious freedom and minority rights. The study posits that respecting the kirpan within this ideological framework not only aligns with Indonesia's commitment to diversity and tolerance but also strengthens national unity and social harmony. This research contributes to the broader discourse on balancing religious expression and public safety in pluralistic societies, offering a comprehensive blueprint for policy and legal reforms that honor both religious freedom and collective well-being. It emphasizes the importance of dialogue, education, and legal inclusivity in fostering a society that upholds the dignity and rights of all individuals, irrespective of their religious practices.
Keywords: Kirpan, Sikh, Freedom of Religion and Human Rights (FoRB), Criminal Law, Indonesia
References
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Landa, Amarjodh Singh, Bhajneek Kaur Grewal & Rajinder Singh, “Sikh Religion and Palliative Care” (2022) 12:2 BMJ Support Palliat Care 207–210, daring:
Laurence, James, “Reconciling the Contact and Threat Hypotheses: Does Ethnic Diversity Strengthen or Weaken Community Inter-Ethnic Relations?” (2014) 37:8 Ethn Racial Stud 1328–1349, daring:.
Laws, Ami & Vincent Iacopino, “Police Torture in Punjab, India: An Extended Survey” (2002) 6:1 Health Hum Rights 195–210.
Madung, Otto Gusti & Winibaldus Stefanus Mere, “Constructing Modern Indonesia Based on Pancasila in Dialogue with the Political Concepts Underlying the Idea of Human Rights” (2021) 5:1 J Southeast Asian Hum Rights 1–24.
Maula, Bani Syarif, “Religious Freedom in Indonesia: Between Upholding Constitutional Provisions and Complying with Social Considerations” (2013) 7:2 J Indones Islam 383–403, daring:.
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Nasution, Hilmi Ardani, “Kirpan Sikh: Antara Hak Kebebasan Beragama dan Hukum Nasional Di Indonesia” (2021) 12:3 J HAM 449–464.
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Nesbitt, Eleanor, “Deg Tegh Fateh: Metal as Material and Metaphor in Sikh Tradition” (2016) Soulless Matter, Seats Energy Met Gems Miner South Asian Tradit 174–197.
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———, “Gurdwaras and Community-Building Among British Sikhs” (2006) 15:2 Contemp South Asia 147–164, daring:.
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———, “Sikhism: An introduction” (2012) 8:2 Sikh Form 253–255, daring:.
Singh, Swaran P, “Caring for Sikh Patients Wearing a Kirpan (Traditional Small Sword): Cultural Sensitivity and Safety Issues” (2004) 8:3 Cambridge Univ Press 93–95, daring:.
Singh, Swaran P, “Caring for Sikh Patients Wearing a Kirpan (Traditional Small Sword): Cultural Sensitivity and Safety Issues” (2004) 28:3 Psychiatr Bull 93–95, daring:.
Springs, Jason A, “On Giving Religious Intolerance Its Due: Prospects for Transforming Conflict in a Post-secular Society*” (2012) 92:1 J Relig 1–30, daring:.
Stenlund, Mari & Pamela Slotte, “Forum Internum Revisited: Considering the Absolute Core of Freedom of Belief and Opinion in Terms of Negative Liberty, Authenticity, and Capability” (2018) 19:4 Hum Rights Rev 425–446, daring:.
Stirling, Paul, “Comment on the Legal Situatuion in Indonesia” (1965) 8:1 Comp Stud Soc Hist 50–55, daring:.
Suksi, Markku, “Personal Autonomy as Institutional Form – Focus on Europe Against the Background of Article 27 of the ICCPR” (2008) 15:2–3 Int J Minor Gr Rights 157–178, daring:.
Sullivan, Winnifred Fallers et al, Politics of Religious Freedom (University of Chicago Press, 2015).
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Wheatley, Steven, “Deliberative Democracy and Minorities” (2003) 14:3 Eur J Int Law 507–527, daring:.
Yupsanis, Athanasios, Article 27 of the ICCPR Revisited – The Right to Culture as a Normative Source for Minority /Indigenous Participatory Claims in the Case Law of the Human Rights Committee (Brill Nijhoff, 2013).
Zico Junius Fernando et al, “Preventing Bribery in the Private Sector Through Legal Reform Based on Pancasila” (2022) 8:1 Cogent Soc Sci 1–14, daring:.
———, “The Freedom of Expression in Indonesia” (2022) 8:1 Cogent Soc Sci 1–11.
Alfitri, “Religious Liberty in Indonesia and the Rights of ‘Deviant’ Sects” (2008) 3:1 Asian J Comp Law (Asian Journal of Comparative Law) 1–10, daring:
Aman Daima Md Zain et al, Implementation of Panch Kekaar And Khalsa In Sikh Society In Kelantan, Malaysia (2011).
Arabzai, Safiullah, Fazal Hadi Fazli & Bashir Ahmad Mohammadi, “The Rights of Religious Minorities in International Legal Documents and Islamic Shariah” (2023) 2:3 Am J Law Polit Sci 24–31.
Arifin, Ridwan et al, “The Adversity on Establishing Places of Worship: Has Religious Freedom Failed in Indonesia?” (2021) 29:1 Leg J Ilm Huk 93–113.
Azra, Azyumardi, “Cultural Pluralism in Indonesia: Continuous Reinventing of Indonesian Islam in Local, National and Global” (2010) 10:November Annu Conf Islam Stud 4–13.
Baker, Janet, “Guru Nanak: 550th Birth Anniversary of Sikhism’s Founder” (2019) 15:3–4 Sikh Form 495–515, daring:
Ballard, Roger, “Family Organisation Among the Sikhs in Britain” (1972) 2:1 J Ethn Migr Stud 12–24, daring:
Bertolani, Barbara, Sara Bonfanti & Paolo Boccagni, “At Home in the Gurdwara? Religious Space and the Resonance with Domesticity in a London Suburb” (2021) 51:3 Religion 423–442, daring:
Bielefeldt, Heiner, “Freedom of Religion or Belief-A Human Right under Pressure” (2012) 1:1 Oxford J Law Relig 15–35, daring:
Canada, World Sikh Organization of, “What is the Kirpan?,” (2021), daring: Worldsikh.org
Colbran, Nicola, “Realities and Challenges in Realising Freedom of Religion or Belief in Indonesia” (2010) 14:5 Int J Hum Rights 678–704, daring:
Coward, Harold, “Hindu Views of Nature and the Environment” (2003) Nat Across Cult 411–419, daring:
Desjardins, Michel & Ellen Desjardins, “Food that Builds Community: The Sikh Langar in Canada” (2009) 1:2 Cuizine J Can Food Cult 1–20, daring:
Dorn, A Walter & Stephen Gucciardi, “The Sword and The Turban: Armed Force in Sikh Thought” (2011) 10:1 J Mil Ethics 52–70, daring:
Dutt, A K & S Devgun, “Diffusion of Sikhism and Recent Migration Patterns of Sikhs in India” (1977) 1:5 GeoJournal 81–90, daring:
Effendi, Erdianto et al, “Trading in Influence (Indonesia): A Critical Study” (2023) 9:1 Cogent Soc Sci 1–13, daring:
Fernández de Casadevante, María, “Overcoming Cultural Barriers Resulting from Religious Diversity” (2023) 8:1 Church, Commun Cult 104–124, daring:
Fernando, Zico Junius et al, “Robot Lawyer in Indonesian Criminal Justice System: Problems and Challenges for Future Law Enforcement” (2023) 7:2 Lex Sci Law Rev 1–24, daring:
Fox, Jonathan, Roger Finke & Dane R Mataic, “The Causes of Societal Discrimination against Religious Minorities in Christian-Majority Countries” (2021) 12:8 Religions 1–24, daring:
Ganjar Herdiansah, Ari & Luthfi Hamzah Husin, “Religious Identity Politics on Social Media in Indonesia: A Discursive Analysis on Islamic Civil Societies” (2018) 9:2 J Stud Pemerintah 187–222, daring:
Gatrad, R et al, “Sikh Birth Customs” (2005) 90:6 Arch Dis Child 560–563, daring:
General Comment No 22 on the Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion (Cambridge University Press, 2015).
Grewal, J S, “The Mughal State and the Sikh Panth” in J S Grewal, ed, Guru Gobind Singh Master White Hawk (Oxford University Press, 2020) 35.
Grewal, J S, Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708): Master of the White Hawk (Oxford University Press, 2020).
Gvosdev, Nikolas K, “Constitutional Doublethink, Managed Pluralism and Freedom of Religion” (2001) 29:2 Relig State Soc 81–90, daring:
Hacker, P MS, The Passions: A Study of Human Nature (Wiley, 2017).
Hambler, Andrew, “A Private Matter? Evolving Approaches to the Freedom to Manifest Religious Convictions in the Workplace” (2008) 3:2 Relig Hum Rights 111–133, daring:
Hartawan, Agung, “Tafsir Hukum Klausul ‘Tanpa Hak’ Dalam Pasal 2 Undang-Undang Darurat No. 12 Tahun 1951 Tentang Mengubah ‘Ordonnantie Tijdelijke Bijzondere Strafbepalingen’ (Stbl. 1948 Nomor 17) Dan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Dahulu Nomor 8 Tahun 1948” (2020) 3:1 Yurispruden 42–60.
Hefner, Robert W, “The Study of Religious Freedom in Indonesia” (2013) 11:2 Rev Faith Int Aff 18–27, daring:
Hewat, William, “Sikhism | History, Doctrines, Practice, & Literature Britannica,” (2023), daring: Britannica
Hogemann, Edna Raquel & Sergio Luis Tavares, “Religious Intolerance: the Maximum Denial of Alterity” (2021) 17:17 Age Hum Rights J 196–221.
Jacobsen, Knut A, “Sikhism” (2017) 13:1–2 Sikh Form 139–142, daring:
Janakiraman, Ilamathy, “The Concept of God in Siddha Literature” (2021) 3:S-2 Int Res J Tamil 201–206.
Juss, Satvinder Singh, “Kirpans, Law, and Religious Symbols in Schools” (2013) 55:4 J Church State 758–795, daring:
Kaur Singh, Nikky-Guninder, “Guru Nanak’s Sensuous Metaphysics” (2019) 15:1–2 Sikh Form 200–211, daring:
Keppley Mahmood, Cynthia, “Sikh Rebellion and the Hindu Concept of Order” (1960) 29:3 Asian Surv 326–340, daring: .
Koppelman, Andrew, “How Could Religious Liberty be a Human Right?” (2018) 16:3 Int J Const Law 985–1005, daring:
Landa, Amarjodh Singh, Bhajneek Kaur Grewal & Rajinder Singh, “Sikh Religion and Palliative Care” (2022) 12:2 BMJ Support Palliat Care 207–210, daring:
Laurence, James, “Reconciling the Contact and Threat Hypotheses: Does Ethnic Diversity Strengthen or Weaken Community Inter-Ethnic Relations?” (2014) 37:8 Ethn Racial Stud 1328–1349, daring:
Laws, Ami & Vincent Iacopino, “Police Torture in Punjab, India: An Extended Survey” (2002) 6:1 Health Hum Rights 195–210.
Madung, Otto Gusti & Winibaldus Stefanus Mere, “Constructing Modern Indonesia Based on Pancasila in Dialogue with the Political Concepts Underlying the Idea of Human Rights” (2021) 5:1 J Southeast Asian Hum Rights 1–24.
Maula, Bani Syarif, “Religious Freedom in Indonesia: Between Upholding Constitutional Provisions and Complying with Social Considerations” (2013) 7:2 J Indones Islam 383–403, daring:
McDaniel, June, “Agama Hindu Dharma Indonesia as a New Religious Movement: Hinduism Recreated in the Image of Islam” (2010) 14:1 Nov Relig 93–111, daring: .
Nasution, Hilmi Ardani, “Kirpan Sikh: Antara Hak Kebebasan Beragama dan Hukum Nasional Di Indonesia” (2021) 12:3 J HAM 449–464.
Neo, Jaclyn L et al, “Religious Minorities in Asia: Between the Scylla of Minority Protection and Charybdis of Religious Freedom Rights?” (2021) 12:10 Relig 2021, Vol 12, Page 881 1–17, daring:
Nesbitt, Eleanor, “Deg Tegh Fateh: Metal as Material and Metaphor in Sikh Tradition” (2016) Soulless Matter, Seats Energy Met Gems Miner South Asian Tradit 174–197.
Nilu Kaur, Inderjit, “Musical Aesthetic in The Gurū Granth and Implications for The Performance Practice of Sikh Shabad Kīrtan*” (2011) 7:3 Sikh Form 297–312, daring:
Norström, Eva, “Community Interpreting in Sweden and its Significance to Guaranteeing Legal and Medical Security” (2010) Sens public 1–5, daring:
Örnehult, Lolomai & Anders Eriksson, “Fatal Firearm Accidents in Sweden” (1987) 34:4 Forensic Sci Int 257–266, daring:
Ozanne, William I, “Religious Identity and Governmental Education Policies: the Case of the Sikh Community” (2010) 46:3 Comp Educ 339–358, daring:
Saha, Arunoday, “Basic Human Nature in Indian Tradition and its Economic Consequences” (1992) 12:1–2 Int J Sociol Soc Policy 1–50.
Sahota, G S, “Guru Nanak and Rational Civil Theology” (2011) 7:2 Sikh Form 131–143, daring:
Shackle, Christopher, “Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India. By Hardip Singh Syan . pp. 320. London and New York, I. B. Tauris, 2013.” (2014) 24:2 J R Asiat Soc 346–347, daring:
Singh, Charan, “Ethics and Business: Evidence from Sikh Religion” (2013) 38:4 J Dharma 343–356, daring:
Singh, Gurharpal, “British Multiculturalism and Sikhs” (2005) 1:2 Sikh Form 157–173, daring:
———, “Gurdwaras and Community-Building Among British Sikhs” (2006) 15:2 Contemp South Asia 147–164, daring:
Singh, Kala, “The Sikh Spiritual Model of Counseling” (2008) 9:1 Spiritual Heal Int 32–43, daring:
Singh, Khushwant, A History of the Sikhs: Volume 2: 1839-2004 (Oxford University Press, 2004).
Singh, Sunit, “Sikhism: An introduction” (2012) 8:2 Sikh Form 253–255.
———, “Sikhism: An introduction” (2012) 8:2 Sikh Form 253–255, daring:
Singh, Swaran P, “Caring for Sikh Patients Wearing a Kirpan (Traditional Small Sword): Cultural Sensitivity and Safety Issues” (2004) 8:3 Cambridge Univ Press 93–95, daring:
Singh, Swaran P, “Caring for Sikh Patients Wearing a Kirpan (Traditional Small Sword): Cultural Sensitivity and Safety Issues” (2004) 28:3 Psychiatr Bull 93–95, daring:
Springs, Jason A, “On Giving Religious Intolerance Its Due: Prospects for Transforming Conflict in a Post-secular Society*” (2012) 92:1 J Relig 1–30, daring:
Stenlund, Mari & Pamela Slotte, “Forum Internum Revisited: Considering the Absolute Core of Freedom of Belief and Opinion in Terms of Negative Liberty, Authenticity, and Capability” (2018) 19:4 Hum Rights Rev 425–446, daring:
Stirling, Paul, “Comment on the Legal Situatuion in Indonesia” (1965) 8:1 Comp Stud Soc Hist 50–55, daring:
Suksi, Markku, “Personal Autonomy as Institutional Form – Focus on Europe Against the Background of Article 27 of the ICCPR” (2008) 15:2–3 Int J Minor Gr Rights 157–178, daring:
Sullivan, Winnifred Fallers et al, Politics of Religious Freedom (University of Chicago Press, 2015).
Supadi, D T, “The History of Transmigration in Indonesia.” in Majalah Demografi Indones (1980) 20.
Ulfaturrohmatiririn, Zahro et al, “Managing Plurality to Boost Harmony Among Religious Adherents in Indonesia” (2021) 21:2 Apl J Apl Ilmu-ilmu Agama 137–146, daring:
Wayland, Sarah V, “Religious Expression in Public Schools: Kirpans in Canada, Hijab in France” (1997) 20:3 Ethn Racial Stud 545–561, daring:
Wheatley, Steven, “Deliberative Democracy and Minorities” (2003) 14:3 Eur J Int Law 507–527, daring:
Yupsanis, Athanasios, Article 27 of the ICCPR Revisited – The Right to Culture as a Normative Source for Minority /Indigenous Participatory Claims in the Case Law of the Human Rights Committee (Brill Nijhoff, 2013).
Zico Junius Fernando et al, “Preventing Bribery in the Private Sector Through Legal Reform Based on Pancasila” (2022) 8:1 Cogent Soc Sci 1–14, daring:
———, “The Freedom of Expression in Indonesia” (2022) 8:1 Cogent Soc Sci 1–11.
Published
2024-06-29
How to Cite
SINAGA, Lestari Victoria; FERNANDO, Zico Junius; SIDAURUK, Jupenris.
Kirpan Sikh in Indonesian Legal Context.
Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 1, p. 57-88, june 2024.
ISSN 2599-2147.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JSEAHR/article/view/34051>. Date accessed: 18 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v8i1.34051.
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Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
