Unfolding the Landscape of Conflict
UN Volunteer Organizations and Violence Against Women
Abstract
This study aims to examine the role of the United Nations Fund for Women (UNIFEM) in upholding women's rights by helping victims of sexual violence in the Darfur region of Sudan. By extension, it explores whether the organisation provided an effective example of a feminist groups in the face of this issue. This research is descriptive, using qualitative methods. The data taken is based on relevant books, academic journals, and online material. The analytical tools used are the concepts of feminism and international cooperation. The results of this research show that, when attempting to solve the problem of sexual violence in Darfur, UNIFEM came to the aid of victims, collaborating with local institutions in the area. This resulted in positive outcomes for sexual violence victims in Darfur, though UNIFEM continues to face several challenges.
Keywords: Feminism, Sexual Violence, Conflict, UNIFEM
References
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Collins, Robert O, Civil wars and revolution in the Sudan: Essays on the Sudan, Southern Sudan and Darfur, 1962-2004 (Tsehai Publishers, 2005).
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Gamble, Sarah, The Routledge companion to feminism and postfeminism (Routledge, 2004).
Gill, Rosalind & Christina Scharff, New femininities: Postfeminism, neoliberalism and subjectivity (Springer, 2013).
Hagan, John & Wenona Rymond-Richmond, Darfur and the Crime of Genocide (Cambridge University Press, 2008).
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Hodgson-Wright, Stephanie, Early feminism (Routledge, 2004).
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Knott, Sarah & Barbara Taylor, Women, gender and enlightenment (Springer, 2005).
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Medina, José, The epistemology of resistance: Gender and racial oppression, epistemic injustice, and resistant imaginations (Oxford University Press, 2012).
O’Brien, Karen, Karen Elisabeth O’Brien & Karen L O’Brien, Women and enlightenment in eighteenth-century Britain (Cambridge university press, 2009).
Prunier, Gerard, Darfur: The ambiguous genocide (Cornell University Press, 2011).
Rittberger, Volker et al, International organization (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019).
Ross, Sarah Gwyneth, The Birth of Feminism: woman as intellect in Renaissance Italy and England (Harvard University Press, 2010).
Sjoberg, Laura, Gender, justice, and the wars in Iraq: A feminist reformulation of just war theory (Lexington Books, 2006).
Tong, Rosemarie, Feminist thought: A more comprehensive introduction (Westview Press, 2009).
Tong, Rosemarie & Tina Fernandes Botts, Feminist thought: A more comprehensive introduction (Routledge, 2018).
Waal, Alexander De, Darfur: A Short History of a Long War. African Arguments (Zed Books, 2005).
Walters, Margaret, Feminism: A very short introduction (Oxford University Press, 2005).
Wollstonecraft, Mary, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Yale University Press, 2014).
Adnan, Abdul Hadi, “Penyelesaian Masalah Sudan Selatan dan Krisis di Darfur” (2006) J UNPAS.
Anani, Ghida, “Dimensions of gender-based violence against Syrian refugees in Lebanon” (2013) 44 Forced Migr Rev.
Angom, Sidonia, “Case Studies of Women in Peacemaking and Peacebuilding: Empirical Evidence” in Women Peacemaking Peacebuilding North Uganda (Springer, 2018) 33.
Atmore, Chris, “Victims, backlash, and radical feminist theory” (1999) New versions Vict Fem Struggl with concept 183.
Bank, World, “Gender differences in employment and why they matter” in (2011).
Basalamah, Putri Syafira, “Perlindungan Relawan Kemanusiaan Suatu Tinjauan Hukum Humaniter Internasional” (2021) 9:3 LEX Priv.
Ben-Nun, Gilad, “’Treaty after trauma’:’protection for all’in the Fourth Geneva Convention” in Hist Int Law (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019).
Bertolazzi, Francesco, “Women with a Blue Helmet” (2010) Integr Women Gend.
Brown, Bernard L, “The Proportionality Principle in the Humanitarian Law of Warfare: Recent Efforts at Codification” (1976) 10 Cornell Int’l LJ 134.
Chinkin, Christine, “Rape and sexual abuse of women in international law” (1994) 5:3 Eur J Int law 326–341.
Collins, Robert, “The Disaster in Darfur in Historical Perspective” (2006) 26:2 J Confl Stud 25–43.
Cowman, Krista, “‘Carrying on a Long Tradition’ Second-Wave Presentations of First-Wave Feminism in Spare Rib c. 1972—80” (2010) 17:3 Eur J Women’s Stud 193–210.
Cruz, Isabel, “SAÚDE DA MULHER-By the way, what about the Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict?” (2007) 6:1 Online Brazilian J Nurs 131–133.
Doty, Kathleen A et al, “Toward Peace with Justice in Darfur: A Framework for Accountability” (2011) 18 UC Davis J Int’l L Pol’y 1.
Duke, Simon, “The State and Human Rights: Sovereignty versus Humanitarian Intervention” (1994) 12:2 Int Relations 25–48.
Eisenstein, Zillah, “Constructing a theory of capitalist patriarchy and socialist feminism” (1977) 7:3 Insurg Sociol 3–17.
Fadlalla, Amal Hassan, “The neoliberalization of compassion: Darfur and the mediation of American faith, fear, and terror” (2008) New Landscapes Inequal Neoliberalism Eros Democr Am 209–228.
Frazer, Elizabeth, “Mary Wollstonecraft and Catharine Macaulay on Education” (2011) 37:5 Oxford Rev Educ 603–617.
Freedman, Jane, “Explaining sexual violence and gender inequalities in the DRC” (2011) 23:2 Peace Rev A J Soc Justice 170–175.
———, “Sexual and gender-based violence against refugee women: a hidden aspect of the refugee" crisis"” (2016) 24:47 Reprod Health Matters 18–26.
Hagan, John, Wenona Rymond-Richmond & Alberto Palloni, “Racial targeting of sexual violence in Darfur” (2009) 99:8 Am J Public Health 1386–1392.
Handayani, Rivi, “Male Gaze dalam Fotografi Model: Objektifikasi dan Komersialisasi Tubuh Perempuan” (2017) 3:1 Jurnalisa 91–105.
Herbert, Siân, “Links between gender-based violence and outbreaks of violent conflict” (2014) Univ Birmingham Birmingham, UK.
Holsti, Kalevi J & M Tahir Azhary, “Politik Internasional: Kerangka untuk Analisis, Jilid 2” (1988).
Hynes, Michelle & Barbara Lopes Cardozo, “Observations from the CDC: Sexual violence against refugee women” (2000) 9:8 J Womens Health Gend Based Med 819–823.
Keygnaert, Ines & Aurore Guieu, “What the eye does not see: a critical interpretive synthesis of European Union policies addressing sexual violence in vulnerable migrants” (2015) 23:46 Reprod Health Matters 45–55.
Kirby, Paul & Laura J Shepherd, “Reintroducing women, peace and security” (2016) 92:2 Int Aff 249–254.
La Puente, Devanna De, “Women’s leadership in camps for internally displaced people in Darfur, western Sudan” (2011) 46:3 Community Dev J 365–377.
Lamoureaux, Siri, “Curating consent: sexual violence, moral politics and gendered agency in Sudan” (2021) 4:1 Tapuya Lat Am Sci Technol Soc 1989859.
Manjoo, Rashida & Calleigh McRaith, “Gender-based violence and justice in conflict and post-conflict areas” (2011) 44 Cornell Int’l LJ 11.
Manjoo, Rashida & Daniela Nadj, “‘Bridging the Divide’: An Interview with Professor Rashida Manjoo, UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women” in Glob Responses to Domest Violence (Springer, 2017) 21.
McPhail, Beverly A, “Feminist framework plus: Knitting feminist theories of rape etiology into a comprehensive model” (2016) 17:3 Trauma, Violence, Abus 314–329.
Meron, Theodor, “The Geneva Conventions as customary law” (1987) 81:2 Am J Int Law 348–370.
Millet, Kate, “Sexual Politics (Garden City, NY, 1970)” (1969) William L O’Neill, Everyone Was Brave Rise Fall Fem Am 14–97.
Morris, Ellen, “Machiavellian Masculinities: Historicizing and Contextualizing the ‘Civilizing Process’ in Ancient Egypt” (2021) 13:1–2 J Egypt Hist 127–168.
Naville, Marcel A, “Development of International Humanitarian Law” (1970) 10:110 Int Rev Red Cross 265–268.
Ray, Sam & Lauren Heller, “Peril or protection: the link between livelihoods and gender-based violence in displacement settings” (2009) New York Women’s Refug Comm.
Rees, Jeska, “A look back at anger: the Women’s Liberation Movement in 1978” (2010) 19:3 Womens Hist Rev 337–356.
Refugees, UNHC, “Global Trends Forced Displacement in 2016” (2016) UNHRC, Ed.
Regulations, Hague, “Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its Annex: Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land” (1907) Geneva Int Comm Red Cross.
Robertson, John, “Women and Enlightenment: a historiographical conclusion” in Women, Gend Enlight (Springer, 2005) 692.
Sanders, Valerie, “First wave feminism” in Routledge companion to Fem postfeminism (Routledge, 2004) 26.
Schindler, Dietrich & Jiri Toman, “Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict” in Laws Armed Conflicts (Brill Nijhoff, 2004) 355.
Shabrina, Adinda Ayu, Reni Windiani & Andi Akhmad Basith Dir, “Peran United Nations High Commissioner for Refugee (UNHCR) dalam Menangani Pengungsi Suriah Korban Sexual and Gender-based Violence (SGBV) di Lebanon” (2018) 1:1 J Int Relations 81–89.
Sharlach, Lisa B, “First wave feminism” (2009) Int Encycl Revolut protest 1–3.
Soetjipto, Anie & Pande Trimayuni, “Gender dan Hubungan Internasional” (2013) Yogyakarta: Jalasutra.
Stiglmayer, Alesandra, “Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina” (1994) 7:3 Minerva’s Bull Board 14.
Thompson, Becky, “Multiracial feminism: Recasting the chronology of second wave feminism” (2002) 28:2 Fem Stud 337–360.
Thompson, M, M Okumu & E Atema, “Building a web of protection in Darfur” (2014) 2014:60 Humanit Exch 24–27.
Thornham, Sue, “Second wave feminism” in Routledge companion to Fem postfeminism (Routledge, 2004) 36.
Tønnessen, Liv & Samia al-Nagar, “Women and girls caught between rape and adultery in Sudan: Criminal law reform, 2005–2015” (2015) C Rep.
Tønnessen, Liv & Samia Al-Nagar, “Legal Mobilization to Protect Women against Rape in Islamist Sudan” (2021) 2 Cah Etud Afr 355–376.
Triana, Nita, “Perlindungan Perempuan dan Anak Ketika Perang dalam Hukum Humaniter Internasional” (2009) 4:2 Yinyang J Stud Islam Gend dan Anak 320–334.
Unsulangi, Juan, “Perlindungan Obyek Sipil dan Bentuk Kewajiban Negara dalam Konflik Bersenjata Menurut Hukum Humaniter Internasional” (2021) 9:4 LEX Adm.
Wollstonecraft, Mary, “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. 1792” (1992) 5 Work Mary Wollstonecr 217.
Boxer, Marilyn J, ‘First wave’feminism in nineteenth-century France: Class, family and religion (Elsevier, 1982).
Easa, Suleiman Mohamed Nour, Role of United Nations Development Programme in Supporting Human Development in South Darfur (Sudan University of Science & Technology, 2015).
Gasser, Hans-Peter, Remarks By Hans-Peter Gasser (Cambridge University Press, 1987).
Hagan, John & Alberto Palloni, Death in Darfur (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2006).
Okonji, Grace, End of Programme Evaluation of the UN Women and Unitarian Universalist Service Committee Funded Programme (Defending and Securing the Human Rights of Women and Girls in the Humanitarian Crisis South Darfur, Sudan), by Grace Okonji (Sudan, 2011).
Romsan, Achmad et al, Pengantar Hukum Pengungsi Internasional: Hukum Internasional dan Prinsip-Prinsip Perlindungan Internasional (Sabic Offset, 2003).
Ward, Jeanne & Mendy Marsh, Sexual violence against women and girls in war and its aftermath: Realities, responses and required resources (2006).
Webb, Kathleen Linda, Final report: end of programme evaluation ‘Protecting and Promoting Women’s Rights and Leadership in Sudan’, by Kathleen Linda Webb (2008).
Wojciehowski, Hannah Chapelle, The Birth of Feminism: Woman as Intellect in Renaissance Italy and England (JSTOR, 2013).
Published
2023-06-20
How to Cite
SURYANTI, Made Selly Dwi; MUTTAQIN, M. Zaenul; MAKMUN, Sukron.
Unfolding the Landscape of Conflict.
Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 1, p. 21-44, june 2023.
ISSN 2599-2147.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JSEAHR/article/view/30517>. Date accessed: 27 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v7i1.30517.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
