A Review on Physical, Chemical and Optical Properties of Liquid Crystal
Abstract
The foundation of the upcoming generation of cutting-edge gadgets and digitally augmented technologies is expected to be smart soft materials. Because of their responsiveness and adaptability, liquid crystals (LCs) are promising smart soft materials. In the 20th century, LCs were crucial to changing the information display sector. However, several beyond-display uses for LCs have been proven at the turn of the twentieth century, neatly using their controlled stimuli-responsive and adaptable properties. New LC materials have been developed and engineered for such applications. The review comes close with a summary and viewpoints on the potential and problems facing LCs as smart soft materials. This review is expected to inspire a wide range of concepts for the application of nature's delicate phase of matter in the generation and beyond of smart and augmented devices.
References
An J-G, Hina S, Yang Y, Xue M & Liu Y. 2016. Characterization Of Liquid Crystals: A Literature Review. Revi. Adv. Mater. Sci. 44(4): 36-56.
Anthal S, Roy R, Gupta VK, Brahmachari G, Jash SK & Mandal LC. 2012. Crystal structure of 3-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-5, 7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one trihydrate. X-ray Structure Analysis Online, 28: 15-16.
Allen MP & Tildesley DJ. 2017. Computer Simulation of Liquids, 2nd edition ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York.
Brown, GH. 1973. Properties and Applications of Liquid Crystals. Journal of Electronic Materials, 2: 403-430.
Bahadur, B. 1990. LCs Application and Uses, Vol. 1-3., World Scientific.
Bobrovsky A, Shibaev V, Cigl M, Hamplová V & Bubnov A. 2023. Fast photo- and Electro-Optical Switching of The Polymer- Stabilised Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Composite Prepared by The Template Method. Liquid Crystals. 86: 1-10.
Blanch-Mercader C, Guillamat P, Roux A & Kruse K. 2021. Integer Topological Defects of Cell Monolayers: Mechanics and Flows. Phys. Rev. E. 103: 012405.
Brown GH, Doane JW & Neff VD. 1971. Review of The Structure and Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals.
Bruce DW, Dunmur DA, Lalinde E, Maitlis PM & Styring P. 1986. Novel Types of Ionic Thermotropic Liquid Crystals. Nature, 323(6091): 791-792.
Bruce DW. 2004. Towards The Biaxial Nematic Phase Through Molecular Design. The Chemical Record, 4(1): 10-22.
Blinov LM & Chigrinov VG. 1996. Electrooptic Effects in Liquid Crystal Materials. Springer Science & Business Media.
Berardi R, Muccioli L & Zannoni C. 2008. Field Response and Switching Times in Biaxial Nematics. J. Chem. Phys. 128(2): 024905.
Bailey C, Fodor-Csorba K, Gleeson JT, Sprunt SN & Jákli A. 2009. Rheological Properties of Bent-Core Liquid Crystals. Soft Matter. 5(19): 3618-3622.
Chandrasekhar S. 1992. Liquid Crystal, 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Chandrasekhar S, 1980. LCs, Proceedings of the International Conf., Bangalore, 1979, Heyden, London. 138.
Collings PJ & Hird M. 1997. Introduction to Liquid Crystals: Chemistry and Physics (1st ed.). CRC Press.
Chaikin PM & Lubensky TC. 1995. Principles of Condensed Matter Physics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Chen Q, Li Y, Yang Y, Xu Y-S, Qian X, Wei Y & Ji Y. 2019. Durable Liquid-crystalline Vitrimer Actuators. Chem. Sci. 10:3025-3030.
Comelles J. et al. 2021. Epithelial Colonies in Vitro Elongate Through Collective Effects. eLife. 10: e57730.
Coles HJ, Pivnenko MN. 2005. Liquid Crystal ‘Blue Phases’ With A Wide Temperature Range. Nature, 436(7053): 997-1000.
De Gennes PG & Prost J. 1993. The Physics of Liquid Crystals (No. 83). Oxford University Press.
Demus A, Goodby JW & Gray GW. 2011. Handbook of Liquid Crystals, Low Molecular Weight LiquidCrystals I, Calamitic Liquid Crystals. John Wiley & Sons.
Demus D. 2001. One Century Liquid Crystal Chemistry: From Vorländer's Rods to Disks, Stars and Dendrites. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals. 364(1): 25-91.
Davidson EC, Kotikian A, Li S, Aizenberg J & Lewis JA. 2020. 3D Printable and Reconfigurable Liquid Crystal Elastomers with Light-Induced Shape Memory via Dynamic Bond Exchange. Adv. Mater 32:1905682.
Das B, Grande S, Weissflog W, Eremin A, Schröder MW, Pelzl G & Kresse H. 2003. Structural and Conformational Investigations in Sma and Different Smc Phases of New Hockey Stick-Shaped Compounds. Liquid Crystals. 30(5): 529-539.
Dąbrowski R. 2015. From The Discovery of The Partially Bilayer Smectic A Phase to Blue Phases in Polar Liquid Crystals. Liquid Crystals. 42(5-6): 783-818.
Domenici, V. 2011. Dynamics in The Isotropic and Nematic Phases of Bent-Core Liquid Crystals: NMR Perspectives. Soft Matter. 7(5): 1589-1598.
Druon C & Wacrenier JM. 1983. Study of SA Phase Structure Using Dielectric Relaxation. Mole. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 98(1): 201-208.
Donovan BR, Matavulj VM, Ahn SK, Guin T & White TJ. 2019. All-optical Control of Shape. Adv. Mater. 31:1805750.
Dumrongrattana S, Nounesis G & Huang CC. 1986. Measurements of Tilt Angle and Heat Capacity in The Vicinity Of One Smectic-A-Chiral-Smectic-C Transition. Physical Review A. 33(3): 2181.
Dunmur DA, Fukuda A & Luckhurst GR. 2001. Physical properties of LCs, INSPEC, London Demus, D., Zaschke, H. 1984. Fliissige Kristalle in Tabellen, Vol. I1.
Fratini S, Mayou D & Ciuchi S. 2016. The Transient Localization Scenario for Charge Transport in Crystalline Organic Materials, Adv. Funct. Mater. 26(14): 2292-2315.
Foelen Y, Puglisi R, Debije MG & Albert PHJ. 2023. Schenning. Photonic Liquid Crystal Polymer Absorbent for Immobilization and Detection of Gaseous Nerve Agent Simulants. ACS App. Opt. Mater. 1(1): 107-114.
Froyen AAF & Schenning APHJ. 2023. A Multifunctional Structural Coloured Electronic Skin Monitoring Body Motion and Temperature. Soft Matter. 19(3): 361-365.
Francescangeli O, Stanic V, Torgova SI, Strigazzi A, Scaramuzza N, Ferrero C & Zannoni C. 2009. Ferroelectric Response and Induced Biaxiality in The Nematic Phase of Bent Core Mesogens. Advanced Functional Materials. 19(16): 2592-2600.
Francescangeli O, Laus M & Galli G. 1997. Structure of The Nematic Mesophase with Cybotactic Groupsin Liquid-Crystalline Poly (urethane-ester) s. Physical Review E. 55(1): 481.
Francescangeli O & Samulski ET. 2010. Insights Into The Cybotactic Nematic Phase of Bent-Core Molecules. Soft Matter. 6(11): 2413-2420.
Friedel G & Friedel E. 1931. Z. Kristallogr., Kristallgeometr., Kristallphysik, Kristallchem. Abt. A d. Z. Kristallogr., Mineral, Petrogr. 79:1-1.
Gao J, He Y, Cong X, Yi H & Guo J. 2022. Reconfigurable Fluorescent Liquid Crystal Elastomers for Integrated Visual and Haptic Information Storage. ACS App. Mater. Inter. 14(47): 53348-53358.
Gorecka, E. 2009. Structure studies of the nematic phase formed by bent-core molecules. Physical Review E. 80(3): 030701.
Gupta S, Choudhury T, Dmochowska E, Kula P, Borbone F & Centore R. 2019. A New Mesogenic Fluorene Derivative: 2, 7-bis (4-pentylphenyl)-9, 9-diethyl-9H-fluorene. Liquid Crystals. 46(4): 543-549.
Guin T. et al. 2020. Tunable Electromechanical Liquid Crystal Elastomer Actuators. Adv. Intell. Syst. 2: 2000022.
Ge F & Zhao Y. 2019. Microstructured Actuation of Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks. Adv. Funct. Mater. 12:1901890.
Gao J, He Y, Cong X, Yi H & Guo J. 2022. Reconfigurable Fluorescent Liquid Crystal Elastomers for Integrated Visual and Haptic Information Storage. ACS App. Mater. Inter. 14(47): 53348-53358.
Gupta S, Choudhury T, Das MK, Lisgarten DR, Cockcroft JK, Palmer RA & Lisgarten JN. 2021. X-ray Structure at 150 K of the Polar Alkyl Mesogenic Compound 7CBB: 4-Cyanobiphenyl-4′-heptylbiphenyl Carboxylate. Journal of Chemical Crystallography. 51: 71-81.
Gupta S, Choudhury T, Dmochowska E, Kula P, Borbone F & Centore R. 2019. Crystal Structure and Mesogenic Behaviour of A New Fluorene Derivative: 9, 9-dimethyl-2, 7-bis (4-pentylphenyl)-9H-fluorene. Acta Crystallographica Section C: Structural Chemistry. 75(11): 1459-1464.
Gong S, Yap LW & Zhu B. 2020. Cheng, W. Multiscale Soft–Hard Interface Design For Flexible Hybrid Electronics. Adv. Mater. 32:1902278.
Haase W & Athanassopoulou MA. 1999. Crystal Structures of LC Mesogens. Liquid Crystals I, 139-197.
Jákli A. 2006. One-and two-dimensional fluids: Properties of Smectic, Lamellar and Columnar Liquid Crystals. CRC Press.
Jeridi H, De Dieu Niyonzima J & Sakr C. 2022. Unique Orientation of 1D and 2D Nanoparticle Assemblies Confined in Smectic Topological Defects. Soft Matter. 18: 4792-4802.
Jia TZ, Bellini T, Clark N & Fraccia TP. 2022. A Liquid Crystal World For The Origins of Life. Emerg. Topics Life Sci. 6(6): 557-569.
Jayoti D, Peeketi AR, Kumbhar PY, Swaminathan N & Annabattula RK. 2023. Geometry Controlled Oscillations in Liquid Crystal Polymer Films Triggered by Thermal Feedback. ACS App. Mater. Inter. 15(14): 18362-18371.
Kelker H & Hatz. 1980. R. Hand Book of LCs, Weinheim: Verlag- Chemie.
Kelker H & Knoll PM. 1989. Plenary Lecture: Some Pictures of The History of LCs, Liq. Cryst. 5(1): 19-42.
Kim BG, Jeong EJ, Chung JW, Seo S, Koo B & Kim J. 2013. A Molecular Design Principle of Lyotropic Liquid-Crystalline Conjugated Polymers with Directed Alignment Capability For Plastic Electronics. Nature Materials. 12(7): 659-664.
Keith C, Lehmann A, Baumeister U, Prehm M & Tschierske C. 2010. Nematic Phases Of Bent-Core Mesogens. Soft Matter. 6(8): 1704-1721.
Kim H, et al. 2019. Intelligently Actuating Liquid Crystal Elastomer-Carbon Nanotube Composites. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29: 1905063.
Lehmann O. 1918. Die Lehre von den flüssigen Krystallen und ihre Beziehung zu den Problemen der Biologie. Ergebnisse der Physiologie. 16(1): 255-509.
Li Y, Chen Y, Zhang J, Wang Y, Li H & Zhou G. 2023. Dual Electric/Magnetic Field-Modulated Nematic Liquid Crystal Smart Window Based on the Supramolecular Doping Effect of Halloysite Nanotube Directors. ACS App. Nano Mater. 6(6): 4532-4543.
Lu XL, Shao JC, Chi HZ, Zhang W & Qin H. 2022. Self-Assembly of a Graphene Oxide Liquid Crystal for Water Treatment. ACS App. Mater. Inter. 14(42): 47549-47559.
Liu S, Fan F, Chen S, Wen S & Luo H. 2023. Computing Liquid‐Crystal Photonics Platform Enabled Wavefront Sensing. Laser Phot. Reviews. 16: 2300044
Liang L, Jia S & Barman I. 2022. DNA-POINT: DNA Patterning of Optical Imprint for Nanomaterials Topography. ACS App. Mate. Inter. 14(33): 38388-38397.
Lu H, Zhu M, Cao Y, Ma C, Qiu L, Zhu J & Xu M. 2022. Fast-relaxation, Dye-doped Cholesteric Liquid-crystal Smart Window With A Perfect Planar State. Dyes Pigments. 208: 110795.
Levelut AM, Tarento RJ, Hardouin F, Achard MF & Sigaud G. 1981. Number of S A phases. Physical Review A. 24(4): 2180.
Liang R, Yu H, Wang L & Shen D. 2023. Light‐Guided Dynamic Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Actuators enabled by Mussel Adhesive Protein Chemistry. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(9): 2211914.
Luo L, Liang Y, Feng Y, Mo D, Zhang Y & Chen J. 2022. Recent Progress on Preparation Strategies of Liquid Crystal Smart Windows. Crystals. 12(10) :1426.
Mistry D, et al. 2020. Isotropic Liquid Crystal Elastomers as Exceptional Photoelastic Strain Sensors. Macromolecules. 53: 3709-3718.
Novotná V, Žurek J, Kozmík V, Svoboda J, Glogarová M, Kroupa J & Pociecha D. 2008. Novel Hockey Stick Mesogens with The Nematic, Synclinic and Anticlinic Smectic C Phase Sequence. Liquid Crystals. 35(8): 1023-1036.
Pang X, Lv J-a, Zhu C, Qin L & Yu Y. 2019. Photodeformable Azobenzene-Containing Liquid Crystal Polymers and Soft Actuators. Adv. Mater. 31: 1904224.
Peng X, Zhou Y, Han K, Qin L, Dian L, Li G, et al. 2015. Characterization of Cubosomes As A Targeted and Sustained Transdermal Delivery System For Capsaicin. Drug design dev. Therap. 9:4209.
Reinitzer F. 1888. Beiträge zur kenntniss des cholesterins. Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften, 9: 421-441.
Ros MB, Serrano JL, de La Fuente MR & Folcia CL. 2005. Banana-shaped Liquid Crystals: A New Field to Explore. J. mater. Chem. 15(48): 5093-5098.
Svenson S, Koening J & Fuhrhop JH. 1994. Crystalline Order in Probably Hollow Micellar Fibers of N-octyl-D-gluconamide. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 98(3): 1022-1028.
Sun K, Xiao Z, Lu S, Zajaczkowski W, Pisula W, Hanssen E & Jones DJ. 2015. A Molecular Nematic Liquid Crystalline Material For High-Performance Organic Photovoltaics. Nature communications. 6(1): 6013.
Shuoqing L, Fan F, Chen S, Wen S & Luo H. 2023. Computing Liquid‐Crystal Photonics Platform Enabled Wavefront Sensing. Laser & Photonics Reviews. 16: 2300044.
Stojadinovic S, Adorjan A, Sprunt S, Sawade H & Jakli A. 2002. Dynamics of The Nematic Phase of A Bent-Core Liquid Crystal. Physical Review E. 66(6): 060701.
Sreenilayam S, Panarin YP, Vij JK, Lehmann A & Tschierske C. 2012. Physical Properties of SmAb Phase in an Achiral Bent–Core Smectic Liquid Crystal. Ferroelectrics. 431(1): 196-201.
Shafiq Y, Henricks J, Ambulo CP, Ware TH & Georgakopoulos SV, 2020. A passive RFID Temperature Sensing Antenna with Liquid Crystal Elastomer Switching. IEEE Access. 8:24443–24456.
Sun C & Lu J. 2022. Optical Filters Based on Cholesteric, Blue and Sphere Mesophases. Polymers. 14(22): 4898.
Saed MO, Gablier A & Terentejv EM. 2020. Liquid Crystalline Vitrimers with Full or Partial Boronic-Ester Bond Exchange. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30:1906458.
Saed MO, Gablier A & Terentejv EM. 2020. Liquid Crystalline Vitrimers with Full or Partial Boronic-Ester Bond Exchange. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30:1906458.
Tschierske C. 2001. 6Non-conventional soft matter. Annu. Repor. Section " C". Physical Chemistry. 97:191-267.
Tschierske C & Photinos, DJ. 2010. Biaxial nematic phases. J. Mater. Chem. 20(21): 4263-4294.
Tschierske C. 1996. Molecular Self-Organization Of Amphotropic Liquid Crystals. Prog. Poly. Sci. 21(5): 775-852.
Tony ZJ, Tommaso B, Noel CTP & Fraccia. 2022. A Liquid Crystal World for The Origins of Life. Emerg. Top. Life Sci. 6(6): 557-569.
Takezoe H & Takanishi Y. 2006. Bent-core Liquid Crystals: Their Mysterious and Attractive World. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 45(2R): 597.
Vaupotič N, Szydlowska J, Salamonczyk M, Kovarova A, Svoboda J, Osipov M, Hong SH, Verduzco R, Williams JC, Twieg RJ, DiMasi E, Pindak R & Sprunt S. 2010. Short-range Smectic Order in Bent-Core Nematic Liquid Crystals. Soft Matter. 6(19): 4819-4827.
Wang Z, He Q, Wang Y & Cai S. 2019. Programmable Actuation Of Liquid Crystal Elastomers Via “Living” Exchange Reaction. Soft Matter. 15: 2811-2816.
Yuriy AN & Claire M. 2023. Imperfect Defects in Smectics A, Liquid Crystals Reviews. 23: 1-15
Watanabe T, Miyata S, Furukawa T, Takezoe H, Nishi T, Sone M & Watanabe J. 1996.
Nematic Liquid Crystals with Polar Ordering Formed from Simple Aromatic Polyester. Japanese J. Applied Physics. 35(4B): L505.
Xia J, MacLachlan S & Atherton T. 2021. Structural Landscapes in Geometrically Frustrated Smectics. Phys Rev Lett. 126(17): 177801.
Yen CC, Taguchi Y, Tokita M & Watanabe J. 2008. Polar Nematic Phase in Lyotropic Solutions of Poly (γ-benzyl glutamate) and Its Temperature Instability as Detected by SHG Measurement. Macromolecules, 41(8): 2755.
Yelamaggad CV, Shashikala IS, Rao DSS, Nair GG & Prasad SK. 2006. The Biaxial Smectic (SmA b) Phase in Nonsymmetric Liquid Crystal Dimers Comprising Two Rodlike Anisometric Segments: An Unusual Behavior. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 16(42): 4099-4102.
Zhang R, Mozaffari A & de Pablo JJ. 2021. Autonomous Materials Systems from Active Liquid Crystals. Nat Rev Mater. 6: 437-453.
Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zhao Y, Guo Z, Gao J, Ma C & Zhao Y. 2022. Investigation of Electro-Optical Properties in Bistable Liquid Crystal Films Doped with Cs x WO 3 nanorods. Liq. Cryst. 49(14): 1926-1932.
Zhou C, Ding Z, Guo Q & Jiang M. 2022. Visualization of Antimicrobial-Induced Bacterial Membrane Disruption with a Bicolor AIEgen. Chemosensors. 10(7): 284
Anthal S, Roy R, Gupta VK, Brahmachari G, Jash SK & Mandal LC. 2012. Crystal structure of 3-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-5, 7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one trihydrate. X-ray Structure Analysis Online, 28: 15-16.
Allen MP & Tildesley DJ. 2017. Computer Simulation of Liquids, 2nd edition ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York.
Brown, GH. 1973. Properties and Applications of Liquid Crystals. Journal of Electronic Materials, 2: 403-430.
Bahadur, B. 1990. LCs Application and Uses, Vol. 1-3., World Scientific.
Bobrovsky A, Shibaev V, Cigl M, Hamplová V & Bubnov A. 2023. Fast photo- and Electro-Optical Switching of The Polymer- Stabilised Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Composite Prepared by The Template Method. Liquid Crystals. 86: 1-10.
Blanch-Mercader C, Guillamat P, Roux A & Kruse K. 2021. Integer Topological Defects of Cell Monolayers: Mechanics and Flows. Phys. Rev. E. 103: 012405.
Brown GH, Doane JW & Neff VD. 1971. Review of The Structure and Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals.
Bruce DW, Dunmur DA, Lalinde E, Maitlis PM & Styring P. 1986. Novel Types of Ionic Thermotropic Liquid Crystals. Nature, 323(6091): 791-792.
Bruce DW. 2004. Towards The Biaxial Nematic Phase Through Molecular Design. The Chemical Record, 4(1): 10-22.
Blinov LM & Chigrinov VG. 1996. Electrooptic Effects in Liquid Crystal Materials. Springer Science & Business Media.
Berardi R, Muccioli L & Zannoni C. 2008. Field Response and Switching Times in Biaxial Nematics. J. Chem. Phys. 128(2): 024905.
Bailey C, Fodor-Csorba K, Gleeson JT, Sprunt SN & Jákli A. 2009. Rheological Properties of Bent-Core Liquid Crystals. Soft Matter. 5(19): 3618-3622.
Chandrasekhar S. 1992. Liquid Crystal, 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Chandrasekhar S, 1980. LCs, Proceedings of the International Conf., Bangalore, 1979, Heyden, London. 138.
Collings PJ & Hird M. 1997. Introduction to Liquid Crystals: Chemistry and Physics (1st ed.). CRC Press.
Chaikin PM & Lubensky TC. 1995. Principles of Condensed Matter Physics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Chen Q, Li Y, Yang Y, Xu Y-S, Qian X, Wei Y & Ji Y. 2019. Durable Liquid-crystalline Vitrimer Actuators. Chem. Sci. 10:3025-3030.
Comelles J. et al. 2021. Epithelial Colonies in Vitro Elongate Through Collective Effects. eLife. 10: e57730.
Coles HJ, Pivnenko MN. 2005. Liquid Crystal ‘Blue Phases’ With A Wide Temperature Range. Nature, 436(7053): 997-1000.
De Gennes PG & Prost J. 1993. The Physics of Liquid Crystals (No. 83). Oxford University Press.
Demus A, Goodby JW & Gray GW. 2011. Handbook of Liquid Crystals, Low Molecular Weight LiquidCrystals I, Calamitic Liquid Crystals. John Wiley & Sons.
Demus D. 2001. One Century Liquid Crystal Chemistry: From Vorländer's Rods to Disks, Stars and Dendrites. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals. 364(1): 25-91.
Davidson EC, Kotikian A, Li S, Aizenberg J & Lewis JA. 2020. 3D Printable and Reconfigurable Liquid Crystal Elastomers with Light-Induced Shape Memory via Dynamic Bond Exchange. Adv. Mater 32:1905682.
Das B, Grande S, Weissflog W, Eremin A, Schröder MW, Pelzl G & Kresse H. 2003. Structural and Conformational Investigations in Sma and Different Smc Phases of New Hockey Stick-Shaped Compounds. Liquid Crystals. 30(5): 529-539.
Dąbrowski R. 2015. From The Discovery of The Partially Bilayer Smectic A Phase to Blue Phases in Polar Liquid Crystals. Liquid Crystals. 42(5-6): 783-818.
Domenici, V. 2011. Dynamics in The Isotropic and Nematic Phases of Bent-Core Liquid Crystals: NMR Perspectives. Soft Matter. 7(5): 1589-1598.
Druon C & Wacrenier JM. 1983. Study of SA Phase Structure Using Dielectric Relaxation. Mole. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 98(1): 201-208.
Donovan BR, Matavulj VM, Ahn SK, Guin T & White TJ. 2019. All-optical Control of Shape. Adv. Mater. 31:1805750.
Dumrongrattana S, Nounesis G & Huang CC. 1986. Measurements of Tilt Angle and Heat Capacity in The Vicinity Of One Smectic-A-Chiral-Smectic-C Transition. Physical Review A. 33(3): 2181.
Dunmur DA, Fukuda A & Luckhurst GR. 2001. Physical properties of LCs, INSPEC, London Demus, D., Zaschke, H. 1984. Fliissige Kristalle in Tabellen, Vol. I1.
Fratini S, Mayou D & Ciuchi S. 2016. The Transient Localization Scenario for Charge Transport in Crystalline Organic Materials, Adv. Funct. Mater. 26(14): 2292-2315.
Foelen Y, Puglisi R, Debije MG & Albert PHJ. 2023. Schenning. Photonic Liquid Crystal Polymer Absorbent for Immobilization and Detection of Gaseous Nerve Agent Simulants. ACS App. Opt. Mater. 1(1): 107-114.
Froyen AAF & Schenning APHJ. 2023. A Multifunctional Structural Coloured Electronic Skin Monitoring Body Motion and Temperature. Soft Matter. 19(3): 361-365.
Francescangeli O, Stanic V, Torgova SI, Strigazzi A, Scaramuzza N, Ferrero C & Zannoni C. 2009. Ferroelectric Response and Induced Biaxiality in The Nematic Phase of Bent Core Mesogens. Advanced Functional Materials. 19(16): 2592-2600.
Francescangeli O, Laus M & Galli G. 1997. Structure of The Nematic Mesophase with Cybotactic Groupsin Liquid-Crystalline Poly (urethane-ester) s. Physical Review E. 55(1): 481.
Francescangeli O & Samulski ET. 2010. Insights Into The Cybotactic Nematic Phase of Bent-Core Molecules. Soft Matter. 6(11): 2413-2420.
Friedel G & Friedel E. 1931. Z. Kristallogr., Kristallgeometr., Kristallphysik, Kristallchem. Abt. A d. Z. Kristallogr., Mineral, Petrogr. 79:1-1.
Gao J, He Y, Cong X, Yi H & Guo J. 2022. Reconfigurable Fluorescent Liquid Crystal Elastomers for Integrated Visual and Haptic Information Storage. ACS App. Mater. Inter. 14(47): 53348-53358.
Gorecka, E. 2009. Structure studies of the nematic phase formed by bent-core molecules. Physical Review E. 80(3): 030701.
Gupta S, Choudhury T, Dmochowska E, Kula P, Borbone F & Centore R. 2019. A New Mesogenic Fluorene Derivative: 2, 7-bis (4-pentylphenyl)-9, 9-diethyl-9H-fluorene. Liquid Crystals. 46(4): 543-549.
Guin T. et al. 2020. Tunable Electromechanical Liquid Crystal Elastomer Actuators. Adv. Intell. Syst. 2: 2000022.
Ge F & Zhao Y. 2019. Microstructured Actuation of Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks. Adv. Funct. Mater. 12:1901890.
Gao J, He Y, Cong X, Yi H & Guo J. 2022. Reconfigurable Fluorescent Liquid Crystal Elastomers for Integrated Visual and Haptic Information Storage. ACS App. Mater. Inter. 14(47): 53348-53358.
Gupta S, Choudhury T, Das MK, Lisgarten DR, Cockcroft JK, Palmer RA & Lisgarten JN. 2021. X-ray Structure at 150 K of the Polar Alkyl Mesogenic Compound 7CBB: 4-Cyanobiphenyl-4′-heptylbiphenyl Carboxylate. Journal of Chemical Crystallography. 51: 71-81.
Gupta S, Choudhury T, Dmochowska E, Kula P, Borbone F & Centore R. 2019. Crystal Structure and Mesogenic Behaviour of A New Fluorene Derivative: 9, 9-dimethyl-2, 7-bis (4-pentylphenyl)-9H-fluorene. Acta Crystallographica Section C: Structural Chemistry. 75(11): 1459-1464.
Gong S, Yap LW & Zhu B. 2020. Cheng, W. Multiscale Soft–Hard Interface Design For Flexible Hybrid Electronics. Adv. Mater. 32:1902278.
Haase W & Athanassopoulou MA. 1999. Crystal Structures of LC Mesogens. Liquid Crystals I, 139-197.
Jákli A. 2006. One-and two-dimensional fluids: Properties of Smectic, Lamellar and Columnar Liquid Crystals. CRC Press.
Jeridi H, De Dieu Niyonzima J & Sakr C. 2022. Unique Orientation of 1D and 2D Nanoparticle Assemblies Confined in Smectic Topological Defects. Soft Matter. 18: 4792-4802.
Jia TZ, Bellini T, Clark N & Fraccia TP. 2022. A Liquid Crystal World For The Origins of Life. Emerg. Topics Life Sci. 6(6): 557-569.
Jayoti D, Peeketi AR, Kumbhar PY, Swaminathan N & Annabattula RK. 2023. Geometry Controlled Oscillations in Liquid Crystal Polymer Films Triggered by Thermal Feedback. ACS App. Mater. Inter. 15(14): 18362-18371.
Kelker H & Hatz. 1980. R. Hand Book of LCs, Weinheim: Verlag- Chemie.
Kelker H & Knoll PM. 1989. Plenary Lecture: Some Pictures of The History of LCs, Liq. Cryst. 5(1): 19-42.
Kim BG, Jeong EJ, Chung JW, Seo S, Koo B & Kim J. 2013. A Molecular Design Principle of Lyotropic Liquid-Crystalline Conjugated Polymers with Directed Alignment Capability For Plastic Electronics. Nature Materials. 12(7): 659-664.
Keith C, Lehmann A, Baumeister U, Prehm M & Tschierske C. 2010. Nematic Phases Of Bent-Core Mesogens. Soft Matter. 6(8): 1704-1721.
Kim H, et al. 2019. Intelligently Actuating Liquid Crystal Elastomer-Carbon Nanotube Composites. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29: 1905063.
Lehmann O. 1918. Die Lehre von den flüssigen Krystallen und ihre Beziehung zu den Problemen der Biologie. Ergebnisse der Physiologie. 16(1): 255-509.
Li Y, Chen Y, Zhang J, Wang Y, Li H & Zhou G. 2023. Dual Electric/Magnetic Field-Modulated Nematic Liquid Crystal Smart Window Based on the Supramolecular Doping Effect of Halloysite Nanotube Directors. ACS App. Nano Mater. 6(6): 4532-4543.
Lu XL, Shao JC, Chi HZ, Zhang W & Qin H. 2022. Self-Assembly of a Graphene Oxide Liquid Crystal for Water Treatment. ACS App. Mater. Inter. 14(42): 47549-47559.
Liu S, Fan F, Chen S, Wen S & Luo H. 2023. Computing Liquid‐Crystal Photonics Platform Enabled Wavefront Sensing. Laser Phot. Reviews. 16: 2300044
Liang L, Jia S & Barman I. 2022. DNA-POINT: DNA Patterning of Optical Imprint for Nanomaterials Topography. ACS App. Mate. Inter. 14(33): 38388-38397.
Lu H, Zhu M, Cao Y, Ma C, Qiu L, Zhu J & Xu M. 2022. Fast-relaxation, Dye-doped Cholesteric Liquid-crystal Smart Window With A Perfect Planar State. Dyes Pigments. 208: 110795.
Levelut AM, Tarento RJ, Hardouin F, Achard MF & Sigaud G. 1981. Number of S A phases. Physical Review A. 24(4): 2180.
Liang R, Yu H, Wang L & Shen D. 2023. Light‐Guided Dynamic Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Actuators enabled by Mussel Adhesive Protein Chemistry. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(9): 2211914.
Luo L, Liang Y, Feng Y, Mo D, Zhang Y & Chen J. 2022. Recent Progress on Preparation Strategies of Liquid Crystal Smart Windows. Crystals. 12(10) :1426.
Mistry D, et al. 2020. Isotropic Liquid Crystal Elastomers as Exceptional Photoelastic Strain Sensors. Macromolecules. 53: 3709-3718.
Novotná V, Žurek J, Kozmík V, Svoboda J, Glogarová M, Kroupa J & Pociecha D. 2008. Novel Hockey Stick Mesogens with The Nematic, Synclinic and Anticlinic Smectic C Phase Sequence. Liquid Crystals. 35(8): 1023-1036.
Pang X, Lv J-a, Zhu C, Qin L & Yu Y. 2019. Photodeformable Azobenzene-Containing Liquid Crystal Polymers and Soft Actuators. Adv. Mater. 31: 1904224.
Peng X, Zhou Y, Han K, Qin L, Dian L, Li G, et al. 2015. Characterization of Cubosomes As A Targeted and Sustained Transdermal Delivery System For Capsaicin. Drug design dev. Therap. 9:4209.
Reinitzer F. 1888. Beiträge zur kenntniss des cholesterins. Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften, 9: 421-441.
Ros MB, Serrano JL, de La Fuente MR & Folcia CL. 2005. Banana-shaped Liquid Crystals: A New Field to Explore. J. mater. Chem. 15(48): 5093-5098.
Svenson S, Koening J & Fuhrhop JH. 1994. Crystalline Order in Probably Hollow Micellar Fibers of N-octyl-D-gluconamide. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 98(3): 1022-1028.
Sun K, Xiao Z, Lu S, Zajaczkowski W, Pisula W, Hanssen E & Jones DJ. 2015. A Molecular Nematic Liquid Crystalline Material For High-Performance Organic Photovoltaics. Nature communications. 6(1): 6013.
Shuoqing L, Fan F, Chen S, Wen S & Luo H. 2023. Computing Liquid‐Crystal Photonics Platform Enabled Wavefront Sensing. Laser & Photonics Reviews. 16: 2300044.
Stojadinovic S, Adorjan A, Sprunt S, Sawade H & Jakli A. 2002. Dynamics of The Nematic Phase of A Bent-Core Liquid Crystal. Physical Review E. 66(6): 060701.
Sreenilayam S, Panarin YP, Vij JK, Lehmann A & Tschierske C. 2012. Physical Properties of SmAb Phase in an Achiral Bent–Core Smectic Liquid Crystal. Ferroelectrics. 431(1): 196-201.
Shafiq Y, Henricks J, Ambulo CP, Ware TH & Georgakopoulos SV, 2020. A passive RFID Temperature Sensing Antenna with Liquid Crystal Elastomer Switching. IEEE Access. 8:24443–24456.
Sun C & Lu J. 2022. Optical Filters Based on Cholesteric, Blue and Sphere Mesophases. Polymers. 14(22): 4898.
Saed MO, Gablier A & Terentejv EM. 2020. Liquid Crystalline Vitrimers with Full or Partial Boronic-Ester Bond Exchange. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30:1906458.
Saed MO, Gablier A & Terentejv EM. 2020. Liquid Crystalline Vitrimers with Full or Partial Boronic-Ester Bond Exchange. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30:1906458.
Tschierske C. 2001. 6Non-conventional soft matter. Annu. Repor. Section " C". Physical Chemistry. 97:191-267.
Tschierske C & Photinos, DJ. 2010. Biaxial nematic phases. J. Mater. Chem. 20(21): 4263-4294.
Tschierske C. 1996. Molecular Self-Organization Of Amphotropic Liquid Crystals. Prog. Poly. Sci. 21(5): 775-852.
Tony ZJ, Tommaso B, Noel CTP & Fraccia. 2022. A Liquid Crystal World for The Origins of Life. Emerg. Top. Life Sci. 6(6): 557-569.
Takezoe H & Takanishi Y. 2006. Bent-core Liquid Crystals: Their Mysterious and Attractive World. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 45(2R): 597.
Vaupotič N, Szydlowska J, Salamonczyk M, Kovarova A, Svoboda J, Osipov M, Hong SH, Verduzco R, Williams JC, Twieg RJ, DiMasi E, Pindak R & Sprunt S. 2010. Short-range Smectic Order in Bent-Core Nematic Liquid Crystals. Soft Matter. 6(19): 4819-4827.
Wang Z, He Q, Wang Y & Cai S. 2019. Programmable Actuation Of Liquid Crystal Elastomers Via “Living” Exchange Reaction. Soft Matter. 15: 2811-2816.
Yuriy AN & Claire M. 2023. Imperfect Defects in Smectics A, Liquid Crystals Reviews. 23: 1-15
Watanabe T, Miyata S, Furukawa T, Takezoe H, Nishi T, Sone M & Watanabe J. 1996.
Nematic Liquid Crystals with Polar Ordering Formed from Simple Aromatic Polyester. Japanese J. Applied Physics. 35(4B): L505.
Xia J, MacLachlan S & Atherton T. 2021. Structural Landscapes in Geometrically Frustrated Smectics. Phys Rev Lett. 126(17): 177801.
Yen CC, Taguchi Y, Tokita M & Watanabe J. 2008. Polar Nematic Phase in Lyotropic Solutions of Poly (γ-benzyl glutamate) and Its Temperature Instability as Detected by SHG Measurement. Macromolecules, 41(8): 2755.
Yelamaggad CV, Shashikala IS, Rao DSS, Nair GG & Prasad SK. 2006. The Biaxial Smectic (SmA b) Phase in Nonsymmetric Liquid Crystal Dimers Comprising Two Rodlike Anisometric Segments: An Unusual Behavior. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 16(42): 4099-4102.
Zhang R, Mozaffari A & de Pablo JJ. 2021. Autonomous Materials Systems from Active Liquid Crystals. Nat Rev Mater. 6: 437-453.
Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zhao Y, Guo Z, Gao J, Ma C & Zhao Y. 2022. Investigation of Electro-Optical Properties in Bistable Liquid Crystal Films Doped with Cs x WO 3 nanorods. Liq. Cryst. 49(14): 1926-1932.
Zhou C, Ding Z, Guo Q & Jiang M. 2022. Visualization of Antimicrobial-Induced Bacterial Membrane Disruption with a Bicolor AIEgen. Chemosensors. 10(7): 284
Published
2023-07-06
How to Cite
SINGH, Vinod Kumar et al.
A Review on Physical, Chemical and Optical Properties of Liquid Crystal.
Jurnal ILMU DASAR, [S.l.], v. 24, n. 2, p. 101-112, july 2023.
ISSN 2442-5613.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JID/article/view/35044>. Date accessed: 17 may 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/jid.v24i2.35044.
Issue
Section
General
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
