Environmental Protection Law and Oil Contracts
Evaluating Iranian Approach Comparing to the International Oil Contracts
Abstract
Most oil reserves are located in developing countries, which often lack the regulations necessary to comply with international standards. Developing countries have developed the necessary laws and regulations due to new technologies like framing, which are reflected in drilling and development contracts. Study and analysis of the environmental conditions in oil contracts have been conducted in the present article, including the new generation of oil contracts for the Islamic Republic of Iran. This study aims to review the solutions provided in international agreements, analyze the current status of the laws and regulations of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and provide the necessary solutions according to the current situation of oil operations in Iran. In addition to its ethical value, the conclusions of this paper can be useful to policymakers and lawyers involved in oil and gas contracts. In the first part of paper, the environmental effects of oil and gas activities are mentioned; In the second part, the method of forecasting environmental considerations in international oil contracts are examined, and then in the third part, the environmental criteria of Iranian oil contracts are examined. Finally, according to the problems in the adopted methods, a solution is presented.
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Bastmeijer, C. J. (2008). Theory and practice of transboundary environmental impact assessment (Vol. 1). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Berkhout, F., & Smith, A. (2003). Carbon flows between the EU and Eastern Europe: Baselines, scenarios and policy options. International Environmental Agreements, 3(3), 199-219.
Baetens, F. (2017). The Iron Rhine case: on the right track to sustainable development?. In Sustainable development principles in the decisions of international courts and tribunals (pp. 297-315). Routledge.
Craik, N. (2008). The International Law of Environmental Impact Assessment Process, Substance and Integration.
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Dabiri, F., & Poorhashemi, S. A. (2009). A Study of the Principles and Concepts of International Environmental Law with a Look at Sustainable Development, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 11(3), 220.
DiMento, J. F. (2021). Book Review: Philosophies of Polar Law. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics.
Dobaradaran, S., & Mohammadzadeh, F. (2014). Investigation of the impact of pollutants in the oil and gas industry on humans and the environment. Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Southern Medicine, 17 (1), 85-98.
Fuentes, X. (2002). International law-making in the field of sustainable development: The unequal competition between development and the environment. International Environmental Agreements, 2(2), 109-133.
Farhad, D., & Khalatbari, Y. (2018). Achieving sustainable development from the perspective of international environmental law, Journal of Human and Environment, 16(44).
Faruque, A. (2006). Validity and Efficacy of Stabilisation Clauses: Legal Protection vs. Functional Value. J. Int'l Arb., 23, 317.
Glasson, J., Therivel, R., & Chadwick, A. (1999). Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment. Principles and Procedures, Process, Practice and Prospects. 2nd edn. The natural and built environment series.
Gao, Z., & Kao, C. K. (1998). Environmental regulation of oil and gas (Vol. 11). Kluwer Law International BV.
Gray, J. S., Bakke, T., Beck, H. J., & Nilssen, I. (1999). Managing the environmental effects of the Norwegian oil and gas industry: from conflict to consensus. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 38(7), 525-530.
Habibi, M. H. (2005). Environmental Law, Tehran University Press.
Heyvaert, V. (2013). Regulatory competition—accounting for the transnational dimension of environmental regulation. Journal of Environmental Law, 25(1), 1-31.
Hatami, A., & Karimiyan, E. (2014). Foreign Investment Law in Light of Investment Act and Contracts, Teesa Publication”, P.853.
Hay, J. (2010). How efficient can international compensation regimes be in pollution prevention? A discussion of the case of marine oil spills. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 10(1), 29-44.
Hey, E. The Climate Change Regime: An Enviro-Economic Problem and International Administrative Law in the Making’(2001). International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 1, 75.
Hinkle, J., & Rosencranz, A. (2008). Jon Birger Skjærseth and Tora Skodvin, Climate Change and the Oil Industry: Common Problem, Varying Strategies.
Ismail, O. S., & Umukoro, G. E. (2012). Global impact of gas flaring, Energy and Power Engineering, 4(4).
Ismail, O. S., & Umukoro, G. E. (2016). Modelling combustion reactions for gas flaring and its resulting emissions. Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences, 28(2), 130-140.
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Kuik, O. (2003). Climate change policies, energy security and carbon dependency trade-offs for the European Union in the longer term. International Environmental Agreements, 3(3), 221-242.
Lindhout, P. E., & Van den Broek, B. (2014). The polluter pays principle: Guidelines for cost recovery and burden sharing in the case law of the European court of justice. Utrecht L. Rev., 10, 46.
Lammers, J. G. (2002). Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities the ILC Draft Articles. In Hague Yearbook of International Law/Annuaire de la Haye de droit International, Vol. 14 (2001) (pp. 3-24). Brill Nijhoff.
Mohamed, L., & Al-Thukair, A. A. (2009). Environmental Assessments in the Oil and Gas Industry. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus, 9(1-2), 99-105.
Mello, C. D. (2004). de Albuquerque. Curso de Direito Internacional Público. rev. e aum. Renovar, 2.
McHugh, S., Maruca, S. D., Lilien, J., & Manning, A. (2006). Environmental, social, and health impact assessment (ESHIA) process. In SPE International Health, Safety & Environment Conference. OnePetro.
Nadal, M., Marquès, M., Mari, M., & Domingo, J. L. (2015). Climate change and environmental concentrations of POPs: A review. Environmental research, 143, 177-185.
Nijar, G. S. (2013). The Nagoya–Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: An analysis and implementation challenges. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 13(3), 271-290.
Okowa, P. N. (1997). Procedural obligations in international environmental agreements. The British Year Book of International Law, 67(1), 275.
Poorhashemi, S. A. (2013). International Environmental Law, Dadgostar Press.
Pūraitė, A. (2012). Origin of Environmental Regulation, Mykolas Romeries University Press, Faculty of Public Security. Available at:https://intranet.mruni.eu/upload/iblock/b7c/014_puraite.pdf
Ramazani, G. M. H. (2013). A Comparative Study of “Precautionary Principle” in Opinions and Decisions of International Tribunals. Public Law Journal, 15(40), 143.
Sabour, M.R. (2015). Alternative Energy, Khaje Nasir Toosi University Press.
Shiravi, A.-H. (2016). Oil and Gas Law, Mizan Press.
Sands, P., & Peel, J. (2012). Principles of international environmental law. Cambridge University Press.
Smits, C. C., van Tatenhove, J. P., & van Leeuwen, J. (2014). Authority in Arctic governance: changing spheres of authority in Greenlandic offshore oil and gas developments. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 14(4), 329-348.
Sornarajah, M. (2006). A law for need or a law for greed?: Restoring the lost law in the international law of foreign investment. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 6(4), 329-357.
Schlosberg, D. (2009). Defining environmental justice: Theories, movements, and nature. Oxford University Press.
Skjærseth, J. B. (2013). Governance by EU emissions trading: resistance or innovation in the oil industry?. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 13(1), 31-48.
Soares, G. F. S. (2001). Direito internacional do meio ambiente: emergência, obrigações e responsabilidades. Atlas.
Tully, S. (2006). Case concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v Uruguay)(Order on the Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures)[2006] ICJ Rep 135. Australian International Law Journal, 13, 281-291.
Tienhaara, K. (2011). Foreign investment contracts in the oil & gas sector: a survey of environmentally relevant clauses. Sustainable Development Law & Policy, 11(3), 6.
Wawryk, A. S. (2002). Adoption of international environmental standards by transnational oil companies: reducing the impact of oil operations in emerging economies. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 20(4), 402-434.
Young, M. A. (2017). Energy transitions and trade law: lessons from the reform of fisheries subsidies. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 17(3), 371-390.
Published
2024-05-30
How to Cite
MOVAHEDIAN, Hussein; NOROUZI, Nima.
Environmental Protection Law and Oil Contracts.
Journal of Economic and Business Law Review, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 1, p. 66-90, may 2024.
ISSN 2828-3198.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JEBLR/article/view/34509>. Date accessed: 19 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/jeblr.v4i1.34509.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
