Breaking New Ground In Human Rights Protection: Proposing An Inverted Triangular Approach Through Group-Based Enforcement In South East Asia
Abstract
The present problem of human rights enforcement reflects the old dilemma between centralism at the international level and local governance at the domestic level. Centralist solutions carry the expectation of a more homogeneous, effective and uniform method of operation. But this so-called‘universal’enforcement model is often seen as being too weak and incoherent for effective actions.Although the alleged universal character of the enforcement of human rights may portray an impressive international regime, local modes of problem solving are in reality more efficient since they are based on a better understanding of the specific circumstances and take into account of local peculiarities, cultural values and other similar factors. The latter is the missing elements in the overall international human rights enterprise. The rapid promotion and education of the global community on the concept of human rights has opened many wider possibilities for group based enforcement to be an efficient alternative. Reinforcing the same line of argumentation, this paper proposes an inverted model of enforcement whereby iinternational human rights law could act as the general framework that establishes generally agreed principles and norms that transcend strict national concerns, while group based mechanisms will work on enforcing those norms in their specific manifestations within the respective groups.
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Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, (1987) 9 Hum. Rts. Q. 156.
An-Naim, Abdullahi Ahmed. ‘Human Rights in the Muslim World’, (1990) 3 Harvard Human Rights Journal, 13, in Steiner.
Ankerl, Guy. ‘Relativity of human rights’, (2011) Sacha Journal of Human Rights, 14-36.
Baderin, Mashood. International Human Rights and Islamic Law, (2005) Oxford University Press
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Barsh, R. ‘Measuring Human Rights: Problems of Methodology and Purpose’, (1993) Human Rights Quarterly
Beitz, Charles R. The idea of human rights, (2009) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bentham, Jeremy. An Introduction to the Principles of Moral and Legislations, (1970) Routledge.
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Cerna, Christina M. ‘East Asian Approaches To Human Rights’, (1996) 2 Buff. J. Int’l L. 201.
Donnelly, Jack. ‘International Human Rights: A Regime Analysis’, (1986) 40 Int’l Org. 599.
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Donoho, Douglas. ‘Relativism versus Universalism in Human Rights: The Search for Meaningful Standards’, (1991) 27 Stan. J. Int’l Law 345
Eide, Asbjorn. ‘The Historical Significance of the Universal Declaration’, (1998) No. 4 International Social Science Journal 50
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Gewirth, Alan. Reason and Morality, (1980) University of Chicago Press.
Goldstein, Judith & Keohane, Robert O. Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change, eds. (1993) Cornell University Press.
Goodman, Ryan & Jinks, Derek. ‘Measuring The Effects of Human Rights Treaties’, (2003) 14 Eur. J. Int’l L.
Griffin, James. On Human Rights, (2008) Oxford University Press
Guzman, Andrew T. How International Law Works, (2008) Oxford University Press.
Hathaway, Oona A. ‘Do Human Rights Treaties Make a Difference?’, (2002) 111 Yale L.J.
Hathaway, Oona A. ‘The Cost of Commitment’, (2003) 55 Stan. L. Rev.
Helfer, Lawrence R. & Slaughter, Anne-Marie. ‘Toward a Theory of Effective Supranational Adjudication’, (1997) 107 Yale L.J.
Henkin, Louis. How Nations Behave: Law and Foreign Policy, (Published for Council on Foreign Relations) (1979).
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Kausikan, Bihari. ‘An East Asian Approach to Human Rights’, (1995) 2 Buff. J. Int’l L. 263
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Landman, Todd. Protecting Human Rights: A Comparative Study, (2000) Georgetown University Press.
Landman, Todd. Studying Human Rights. (2006) Oxford and London: Routledge.
Lindholt, Lone. Questioning the Universality of Human Rights: The African Charter on Human and People's Rights in Botswana, Malawi, and Mozambique, (1997) Ashgate.
Manuel, George & Poslins, Michael. The Fourth World: An Indian Reality, (1974) Collier-Macmillan
Mathew, S. ‘Human Rights and The Principle of Subsidiarity’, V. (2009), Iura Orientalia.
Moravcsik, Andrew. ‘Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics’, (1997) 51 International Organization.
Moravcsik, Andrew. ‘The Origins of Human Rights Regimes: Democratic Delegation in Postwar Europe’, (2000) 54 International Organization.
Morgenthau, Hans P. Politics Among Nations, (1973) 5th Edn., New York.
Mower, Jr., A. G. The United States, The United Nations and Human Rights: The Eleanor Roosevelt and Jimmy Carter Eras. (1979) Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
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Sarah. Human Rights at The UN: The Political History of the Universal Justice, eds. (2008) Indiana University Press.
Mutua, Makau M. ‘Standard Setting in Human Rights: Critique and Prognosis’, (2007) Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 29.
Normand, Roger & Zaidi, Sarah. Human Rights at The UN: The Political History of the Universal Justice, eds. (2008) Indiana University Press.
Peerenboom, Randall. ‘Show Me The Money: The Dominance of Wealth in Determining Rights Performance in Asia’, (2004) 15 Duke J. Comp. & Int’l L.
Perry, Michael J. The Idea of Human Rights: Four Inquiries, (2000) Oxford University Press.
Perry, Michael J. Toward a Theory of Human Rights: Religion, Law, Court, (2007) Cambridge University Press.
Robertson, Geoffrey. Crimes Against Humanity: The Struggle for Global Justice, (1999) London: Penguin;
Schachter, Oscar. ‘The Obligation to Implement the Covenant in Domestic Law’, in Henkin, Louis. The International Bill of Rights: The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, ed. (1981) Columbia University Press.
Shute, Stephen & Hurley, Susan, On Human Rights: The Oxford Amnesty Lectures. eds. (1993) New York: BasicBooks.
Steiner, Henry J. & Alston, Phillip. International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals. eds. (2007) Oxford University Press.
Van Genugten, Willem. ‘Human Rights are not for Sale: On Universality and Conditionality’, in Meijer, Martha, Dealing with Human Rights: Asian and Western Views on the Value of Human Rights, (2001) Oxford: Worldview Press
Wallace, Rebecca M. M. ‘Human Rights and Responsibilities: the Inextricable Link’, (2001) Human Rights & UK Practice 2.3 (9).
Waltz, Susan. ‘Reclaiming and rebuilding the history of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights’, (2002) Third World Quarterly 23, No.3
Weston, Burn H. Human Rights, New Encyclopaedia Britannica, (1992) Vol. 20, 15th Edn., University of Chicago Press.
Published
2017-10-13
How to Cite
ISMAIL, Shahrul Mizan.
Breaking New Ground In Human Rights Protection: Proposing An Inverted Triangular Approach Through Group-Based Enforcement In South East Asia.
Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights, [S.l.], v. 1, n. 1, p. 16-36, oct. 2017.
ISSN 2599-2147.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JSEAHR/article/view/5300>. Date accessed: 27 july 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v1i1.5300.
Section
Articles
