Sharia-based Custom and the Politics of Religious Freedom in Contemporary West Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract
Strengthening religious identity politics can be identified as one of the main factors contributing to the decline in religious freedom in Indonesia. While religious identity politics may serve to mobilize certain groups or advance specific agendas, its escalation often comes at the expense of religious freedom and social harmony. Against Indonesia's pluralistic society and decentralized governance system, West Sumatra stands out for its unique blend of Islamic tradition and local adat (customary law), which often challenge the state's legal framework and constitutional guarantees of religious freedom. This article aims to analyze the impact of Sharia-based custom (ABS-SBK)-based identity politics on religious freedom in West Sumatra, focusing on government and social regulations. This study is based on data from interviews, documentation, and analysis of media reports and coverage related to freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) in West Sumatra, as well as a guidebook for the practice of ABS-SBK issued by the Provincial Government of West Sumatra. This article shows that identity politics based on Sharia and local customs has caused many violations of the freedom of religion or belief of minority groups in West Sumatra. In government regulation, local governments have actively enforced mainstream religious and cultural norms and limited expressions and ideas considered contrary to the mainstream. As for the aspect of social regulation, religion-based identity politics is an effective tool for majority groups in limiting the religious freedom of minority groups.
Keywords: Identity Politics, Religious Freedom, West Sumatra, Sharia-based Custom, Religious Nationalism
References
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Hefner, Robert W, “Islam and Institutional Religious Freedom in Indonesia” (2021) 12:6 Religions 1–20.
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Kingston, Jeff, “Ethnoreligious Nationalism and Majoritarianism in Asia” (2019) 6:1 Georget J Asian Aff 20–27.
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Koo, Gi Yeon & Ha Eun Han, “To Veil or Not to Veil: Turkish and Iranian Hijab Policies and the Struggle for Recognition” (2018) 24:1 Asian J Womens Stud 47–70.
Levenia, Ulta & Ivany Arbi, “Is West Sumatra on the Verge of an Intolerance and Violent Extremism Crisis?”, (2023), online: Indones Melb
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Liputan6, “Penganut Atheisme Divonis 30 Bulan Penjara”, (2012), online:
Little, David, “Religion, Nationalism, and Human Rights” (1997) 17 Annu Soc Christ Ethics 293–299.
Maarif, Ahmad Syafii, “Politik Identitas dan Masa Depan Pluralisme Indonesia” in Ihsan Ali Fauzi dan Samsu Rizal Panggabean, ed, Polit Identitas Dan Masa Depan Plur Kita (Jakarta: Democracy Project, 2012) 3.
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Marshall, Paul, “The Ambiguities of Religious Freedom in Indonesia” (2018) 16:1 Rev Faith Int Aff 85–96.
Mietzner, Marcus & Burhanuddin Muhtadi, “Explaining the 2016 Islamist Mobilisation in Indonesia: Religious Intolerance, Militant Groups and the Politics of Accommodation” (2018) 42:3 Asian Stud Rev 479–497.
Mitra, Robi, Adaptasi Sosial Budaya Etnis Nias di Minangkabau: Studi Kasus Etnis Nias di Nagari Tiku V Jorong, Kecamatan Tanjung Mutiara, Kab. Agam Universitas Andalas, 2019) [unpublished].
Mu’ti, Abdul & Ahmad Najib Burhani, “The Limits of Religious Freedom in Indonesia: With Reference to the First Pillar Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa of Pancasila” (2019) 9:1 Indones J Islam Muslim Soc 111–134.
Neo, Jaclyn & Brett G Scharffs, “Religious Nationalism and Religious Freedom in Asia: Mapping Regional Trends in a Global Phenomenon” (2021) 8:1 Asian J Law Soc 1–18.
Prayitno, Irwan, Sambutan Gubernur Sumatera Barat”, dalam Pedoman Pengamalan Adaik Basandi Syara’ Syara’ Basandi Kitabullah; Adaik Bapaneh, Syara’ Balinduang; Syara’ Mangato, Adaik Mamakai (Padang: Dinas Kebudayaan Provinsi Sumatera Barat, 2019).
Puji, Setyo, “Alasan Siswi Non-Muslim Diwajibkan Pakai Jilbab, Mantan Wali Kota Padang: Ini Kearifan Lokal”, KOMPAS.com (23 January 2021), online:
Ropi, Ismatu, Religion and Regulation in Indonesia (2017).
Safutra, Ilham, “Gubernur Sumbar Surati Menkominfo, Minta Hapus Injil Berbahasa Minang - Jawa Pos”, Jawa Pos (2020), online:
Salim, Delmus Puneri, “Islam, Politics and Identity in West Sumatera” (2013) 7:1 J Indones Islam 96–118.
Saputra, Roni etal, Ketika Kebebasan Beragama, Berkeyakinan, dan Berekspresi Diadili (Padang: YLBHI-LBH Padang, 2013).
Schonthal, Benjamin, “Environments of Law: Islam, Buddhism, and the State in Contemporary Sri Lanka” (2016) 75:1 J Asian Stud 137–156.
Sefriyono, Kearifan Lokal Bagi Pencegahan Radikalisme Agama di Luhak dan di Rantau Minangkabau (Ciputat: Sakata Cendekia, 2018).
Setara Institute, Ringkasan Eksekutif Indeks Kota Toleran Tahun 2018 (Jakarta: Setara Institute, 2018).
Setiawan, Riyan, “Pemerintah Ikut Melanggengkan Larangan Ibadah Natal di Sumbar”, tirto.id (22 December 2019), online:
Shadiqin, Sehat Ihsan & Eka Srimulyani, “The Contested Authorities: Institution and Agency in the Enforcement of Sharia Law in Aceh, Indonesia” (2021) 5:2 J Contemp Islam Muslim Soc 198–223.
Shah, Dian A H, Law, Religion, and the Social Divide in Asia: Contexts and Challenges, by Dian A H Shah (2017).
Simandjuntak, Deasy, “Disciplining the Accepted and Amputating the Deviants: Religious Nationalism and Segregated Citizenship in Indonesia” (2021) 8:1 Asian J Law Soc 88–107.
Simon, Gregory M, “Conviction without Being Convinced: Maintaining Islamic Certainty in Minangkabau, Indonesia” (2012) 40:3 Ethos 237–257.
Sumaktoyo, Nathanael Gratias, “A Price for Democracy? Religious Legislation and Religious Discrimination in Post-Soeharto Indonesia” (2020) 56:1 Bull Indones Econ Stud 23–42.
Syed, Iffath UB, “Forced Assimilation is an Unhealthy Policy Intervention: The Case of the Hijab Ban in France and Quebec, Canada” (2013) 17:3 Int J Hum Rights 428–440.
Taufik, Zulfan & Muhammad Taufik, “Nagari Madani: Islamic Favoritism and Religious Freedom in Regional Development in West Sumatra, Indonesia” (2023) 27:2 Ulumuna J Islam Stud 649–675.
Undang-undang Hukum Adat (Peraturan Kampuang) Campago Guguak Bulek Jorong Mandiangin Nagari Kurai, 2014.
Wade, Francis, Myanmar’s Enemy within: Buddhist Violence and the Making of a Muslim Other (London: Zed Books, 2019).
Watch, Human Rights, “Aku Ingin Lari Jauh”: Ketidakadilan Aturan Berpakaian bagi Perempuan di Indonesia, by Human Rights Watch (Washington DC., 2021).
Wood Jr, James E, “Religious Human Rights and a Democratic State” (2004) 46:2 J Church State 739–765.
Zainal, “Gerakan Islam di Sumatera Barat Pasca Orde Baru” (2014) 38:2 MIQOT J Ilmu-Ilmu Keislam 446–465.
Zulfadli & Beni Kharis Arrasuli, “Kuasa Ormas di Ranah Minang: Penolakan Ormas Keagamaan terhadap Pembangunan Rumah Sakit Siloam di Kota Padang” (2017) 14:1 Sos Budaya 35–54.
Published
2024-06-29
How to Cite
TAUFIK, Zulfan.
Sharia-based Custom and the Politics of Religious Freedom in Contemporary West Sumatra, Indonesia.
Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 1, p. 115-142, june 2024.
ISSN 2599-2147.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JSEAHR/article/view/40622>. Date accessed: 18 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v8i1.40622.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
