The Undefeated Defeat
Indigenous Identity Politics in the Indonesian Law on Advancement of Culture
Abstract
This study critically examines the existence of indigenous peoples within the framework of promoting cultural rights in Indonesia. The main reason for this study is that the Indonesian Law on Advancement of Culture enacted in 2017 did not explicitly include indigenous peoples as a crucial aspect of preserving cultural activities. Consequently, there has been no significant policy reform from the Indonesian government to maintain the rights and existence of indigenous peoples, primarily their cultural rights. From a human rights perspective, culture shapes indigenous peoples' collective identity and political force, hence Indonesia is responsible for protecting and fulfilling their collective rights. Based on the discourse analysis, this study examines two questions: First, to what extent does the recognition of indigenous peoples in the Law on the Promotion of Culture ensure the promotion of the cultural rights of indigenous people? Secondly, what government policies are directed to fulfill indigenous peoples' rights? The finding of this study is that the partial recognition of cultural rights for indigenous peoples affected the undisputable conflicts surrounding sacred rites, which affected the promotion of the collective identity of indigenous people.
Keywords: Cultural rights, Identity, Indigenous politics, Land, Marginalization
References
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———, “UU Cipta Kerja Disebut Berpotensi Mengancam Hutan Adat”, (16 October 2020), online: nasional.
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———, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (Yale University Press, 1987).
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Stange, Paul, “Chronicles of Javanese Transition” (1993) 24:2 J Southeast Asian Stud 348–363.
Syamsudin, M, “Beban Masyarakat Adat Menghadapi Hukum Negara” (2008) 15:3 J Huk IUS QUIA IUSTUM 338–351.
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Admin, “Indonesia superpower country of culture: UNESCO”, (6 November 2017), online: Perm Deleg Repub Indones UNESCO
Alm, Kristian & David S A Guttormsen, “Enabling the Voices of Marginalized Groups of People in Theoretical Business Ethics Research” (2023) 182:2 J Bus Ethics 303–320.
Amindoni, Ayomi, “Masyarakat adat Besipae di NTT yang ‘digusur’ dari hutan adat Pubabu: ‘Kami hidup di bawah pohon’”, BBC News Indones (August 2020), online:
Amnesty International, “Indigenous peoples rights are human rights.”, online:
Andrianto, Agus, Heru Komarudin & Pablo Pacheco, “Expansion of Oil Palm Plantations in Indonesia’s Frontier: Problems of Externalities and the Future of Local and Indigenous Communities” (2019) 8:4 Land 56.
B, C B, “International Recognition and Protection of Fundamental Human Rights” (1964) 13:4 Duke Law J 846–866.
Bennett, Mark J, “Indigeneity” as Self-Determination (Rochester, NY, 2005).
Bhabha, Homi K, The Location of Culture, 2d ed (London: Routledge, 2004).
Bhawono, Aryo, “Dayak Marjun Desak Pengembalian Tanah Ulayat”, (18 March 2022), online: betahita.id
Cirkovic & Elena, “Symposium: Lands, Liberties, and Legacies: Indigenous Peoples and International Law” (2006) 31:2 Am Indian Law Rev.
CNN Indonesia, “Konflik Lahan Suku Anak Dalam-Korporasi Sawit, Polisi Klaim Persuasif”, (4 November 2021), online: nasional
———, “UU Cipta Kerja Disebut Berpotensi Mengancam Hutan Adat”, (16 October 2020), online: nasional
Dobbins, Holly, Nunavut, A Creation Story. The Inuit Movement in Canada’s Newest Territory (Dissertations, Syracuse University, 2019) [unpublished].
European Liberties Platform, “What is marginalization? What to do if you are marginalized?”, (5 October 2021), online: Liberties.eu
Fahmi, Chairul & Muhammad Siddiq Armia, “Protecting Indigenous Collective Land Property in Indonesia under International Human Rights Norms” (2022) 6:1 J Southeast Asian Hum Rights 1–25.
Göcke, Katja, “The 2008 Referendum on Greenland’s Autonomy and What It Means for Greenland’s Future” (2009) 69 ZaöRV 103–121.
Guha, Ranajit, Dominance without Hegemony: History and Power in Colonial India, Convergences: Inventories of the Present (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
Hall, Stuart, “2. Old and New Identities, Old and New Ethnicities” (2019).
Hefner, Robert W, “SEVEN. Politics and Social Identity: The 1965-66 Violence and Its Aftermath” in SEVEN Polit Soc Identity 1965-66 Violence Its Aftermath (University of California Press, 2020) 193.
———, Hindu Javanese: Tengger Tradition and Islam (Princeton University Press, 1990).
Hefner, Robert W, The Political Economy of Mountain Java: An Interpretive History (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990).
Hidayat & T Obby, Pendidikan Multikultural Menuju Masyarakat 5.0 (Muhammadiyah University Press, 2022).
Hidayatullah, Syarif, Filsafat dan Kearifan dalam Agama dan Budaya Lokal (Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 2020).
International Labour Organisation (ILO), Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, Article 1.1 of Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169), 1989.
IWGIA, “Indonesia - IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs”, online:
Jong, Hans Nicholas, “Indonesian court jails indigenous farmer in conflict with paper giant APP”, (2 June 2020), online: Mongabay Environ News
Kastolani & Abdullah Yusof, “Relasi Islam Dan Budaya Lokal: Studi Tentang Tradisi Nyadran di Desa Sumogawe Kecamatan Getasan Kabupaten Semarang” (2016) 4:1 J Kontemplasi 51–73.
Li, Tania Murray, “Centering labor in the land grab debate” (2011) 38:2 J Peasant Stud 281–298.
Lumajang DPRD, Data from the Focus Group Discussion with the Lumajang DPRD, Regional Apparatuses of Lumajang Regency, Lumajang Land Office, and Tengger Community Representatives (2023).
Maksum, Ali, “Politik Identitas Masyarakat Tengger dalam Mempertahankan Sistem Kebudayaan dari Hegemoni Islam dan Kekuasaan” (2015) 17:1 El Harakah J Budaya Islam 18–35.
Mar Castro Varela, María do & Carolina Tamayo Rojas, “Epistemicide, postcolonial resistance and the state” (2020) 23:2 Postcolonial Stud 226–240.
Mills, C Wright, The Sociological Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
Mulder, Niels, Mysticism in Java: ideology in Indonesia (Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2005).
Nnoko-Mewanu, Juliana, “‘When We Lost the Forest, We Lost Everything’” (2019) Hum Rights Watch, online:
Noventari, Widya & Andhika Yudha Pratama, “Analisis Strategi Kebudayaan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2017 tentang Pemajuan Kebudayaan dalam Rangka Memperkokoh Bingkai Integrasi Nasional” (2019) 13:1 J Ilmu Huk 1–14.
Nurdia, Zefrizal, Peralihan Dan Kondisi Kekinian Hak Ulayat Pada Kekerabatan Matrilineal (Studi Empirik Atas Hak Ulayat Nagari Di Minangkabau) (Universitas Andalas Padang, 2020).
Pamungkas, Cahyo, Irin Oktafiani & Leonardus Imbhiri, “Makna Pembangunan Bagi Orang Asli Papua: Studi Terhadap Marginalisasi dan Depopulasi di Tanah Papua” (2022) J Ilm Hub Int 16–38.
Popova, Ulia, Traditional Knowledge & Indigenous Peoples, by Ulia Popova (L’auravetl’an Information & Education Network of Indigenous Peoples (LIENIP), 2010).
Raharjo, Dwi Bowo & Yosea Arga Pramudita, “Proyek Strategis Nasional Infrastruktur Sebabkan 38 Konflik Agraria Sepanjang 2021”, (6 January 2022), online: suara.com
Republic of Indonesia 1945 Constitution, 1945.
Rinscheid, Adrian, “Crisis, Policy Discourse, and Major Policy Change: Exploring the Role of Subsystem Polarization in Nuclear Energy Policymaking” (2015) 1:2 Eur Policy Anal 34–70.
Sahari, Alpi, “The Rights of Controlling State in Indonesia Against Land Tenure of Customary Law Community” (2021) 2:2 Randwick Int Soc Sci J 141–148.
Saturi, Sapariah, “Berawal Konflik Lahan, Berujung Jerat Hukum Orang Kinipan”, (27 August 2020), online: Mongabay.co.id
Saull, Richard, “Rethinking Hegemony: Uneven Development, Historical Blocs, and the World Economic Crisis” (2012) 56:2 Int Stud Q 323–338.
Scott, James C, Domination and the arts of resistance: hidden transcripts (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990).
———, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (Yale University Press, 1987).
Setyabudi, Muhammad Nur Prabowo, “One Tradition Three Religions (Dynamics of Tolerance of Religion and Culture of The Tengger Ngadas Community)” (2022) 24:2 J Masy Dan Budaya.
Simarmata, Rikardo & Tody Sasmitha, Self-determined land rights in Indonesia: A review on various tenure recognition options, by Rikardo Simarmata & Tody Sasmitha (Forest Peoples Programme, 2021).
Stange, Paul, “Chronicles of Javanese Transition” (1993) 24:2 J Southeast Asian Stud 348–363.
Syamsudin, M, “Beban Masyarakat Adat Menghadapi Hukum Negara” (2008) 15:3 J Huk IUS QUIA IUSTUM 338–351.
Tamma, Sukri & Timo Duile, “Indigeneity and the State in Indonesia: The Local Turn in the Dialectic of Recognition” (2020) 39:2 J Curr Southeast Asian Aff 270–289.
The decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 120/Pdt.G/2018/PN.Son, 2018.
Ulfah, Siti Alif, “The Third Space Formation Of Hindu In Sidoarjo” (2021) 1:2 Journal of Contemporary Sociological Issues 110–123.
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 2018.
Utomo, Medea, Kliwon Hidayat & Yayuk Yuliati, “The Meaning of Agriculture and Tourism Activities for Tengger Society in Wonokitri Village, Tosari District, Pasuruan of Regency” (2015) 26:1 HABITAT 40–46.
Wira, Interview with Mr. Wira, Father Shaman of Tengger, and Head of Community, Senduro, Lumajang (2023).
Wiratman, Herlambang W, Demokrasi tanpa demos: refleksi 100 ilmuwan sosial politik tentang kemunduran demokrasi di Indonesia (LP3ES, 2021).
Published
2023-06-30
How to Cite
YUNITA, Fenny Tria; PRASETYO, Hery; ROSA, Dien Vidia.
The Undefeated Defeat.
Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 1, p. 93-122, june 2023.
ISSN 2599-2147.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JSEAHR/article/view/39200>. Date accessed: 13 may 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v7i1.39200.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
