Beyond the Global Agenda
State and Religious Non-state Actors’ Responses to Human Security in Indonesia
Abstract
This article examines how state and religious non-state actors understand and make efforts to overcome human security challenges in Indonesia. The activities of these actors are largely outside the UNDP global human security agenda because they have been conducted long before the concept of human security was popularised. The authors seek to reinterpret the concept of human security as a paradigm to make it more attuned to the experience of the state and religious non-state actors when dealing with human security challenges in the Indonesian context. Data from primary and secondary sources gathered in Indonesia in 2021 reveals that religious motivations and environmental threats drive the agendas of religious non-state actors operating in Indonesia.
Keywords: Human Security, Religious non-state actor, norm diffusion, UNDP, and Indonesia.
References
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Prasetyono, Edy, Riefqi Muna & Mahmud Syaltout, Indeks Keamanan Manusia Indonesia PENGEMBANGAN KONSEP INDEKS KEAMANAN MANUSIA INDONESIA 2015, by Edy Prasetyono, Riefqi Muna & Mahmud Syaltout (Jakarta, 2015).
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Shani, Giorgio, “Human security as ontological security: a post-colonial approach Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) Human Security as Ontological Security: A Post-Colonial Approach” (2017) 20:3 Postcolonial Stud 275–293, online:
———, “Human Security at Twenty: Civilizing Process or Civilizing Mission?” E-International Relations (19 June 2014), online:
Sutrimo, “PERLUKAH UU KAMNAS?” (2015) Special Edition Wira, online:.
Tarusarira, Joram & Ezra Chitando, “Introduction : Themes in religion and human security in Africa” in Joram Tarusarira & Ezra Chitando, eds, Themes Relig Hum Secur Africa (Routledge, 2020) 1.
Thérien, Jean Philippe, “Human Security: The Making of a UN Ideology” (2012) 26:2 http://dx.doi.org/101080/136008262012656265 191–213, online:.
Thohir, Ajid et al, “The struggle of Freemasonry and Islamic ideology in the twentieth century during colonialization in Indonesia” (2021) 7:10 Heliyon e08237.
———, “The Struggle Of Freemasonry And Islamic Ideology In The Twentieth Century During Colonialization In Indonesia” (2021) 7:10 Heliyon.
UNDP, Human Development Report 1994, by UNDP (1994).
———, Human Development Report 1994, by UNDP (Oxford, 1994).
———, What is Human Security? – The Human Security Unit (New York, 2019).
Wellman, James K & Clark B Lombardi (eds), Religion and human security : a global perspective (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).
Alkire, Sabina, A Conceptual Framework for Human Security, by Sabina Alkire, 2 (Oxford, 2003).
Anggoro, Kusnanto, Keamanan Nasional, Pertahanan Negara dan Ketertiban Umum (Bappenas, 2003).
Arnez, Monika, “Empowering Women Through Islam: Fatayat NU Between Tradition and Change” (2010) 21:1 J Islam Stud 59–88, online:
Baras, Ahmad & Muhammad Fakrudin, “Penolakan Simbol Islam di Bali | Republika Online”, Republika (29 August 2014), online:
Barton, Greg, “The Gülen Movement, Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama: Progressive Islamic Thought, Religious Philanthropy and Civil Society in Turkey and Indonesia, Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations” (2014) 25:3 Islam Christ Relations 287–301, online:
Bayu, Dimas, “Sebanyak 86,9% Penduduk Indonesia Beragama Islam”, (16 February 2022), online: Kemendagri
Fauzia, Amelia, “Penolong Kesengsaraan Umum: The charitable activism of Muhammadiyah during the colonial period” (2017) 25:4 https://doi.org/101177/0967828X17740458 379–394, online:
Fitrah, Elpeni, “Gagasan Human Security Dan Kebijakan Keamanan Nasional Indonesia” (2015) 2:01 Insign J Int Relations 27–41, online:
Fuad, Muhammad, “Civil Society in Indonesia: The Potential and Limits of Muhammadiyah” (2002) 17:2 Sojourn J Soc Issues Southeast Asia 133–163, online:
Grim, Brian J & Roger Finke, “Religious Persecution in Cross-National Context: Clashing Civilizations or Regulated Religious Economies?” (2016) 72:4 https://doi.org/101177/000312240707200407 633–658, online:
Hadiwinata, Bob, “Poverty and the role of ngos in protecting human security in indonesia” (2017) Non-Traditional Secur Asia Dilemmas Secur 198–224, online:
Hanlon, Robert J & Kenneth Christie, Freedom from Fear, Freedom from Want: An Introduction to Human Security (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016).
Hasudungan, Michael, “Pengaturan Penyiaran Agama di Indonesia dalam Perspektif Keadilan Bermartabat” (2020) 4:1 J Ilmu Huk Aleth 57–74, online:
Hijazi, H Ahmad, “ISLAMIC EDUCATION in INDONESIA DURING the DUTCH COLONIAL; The Case Muhammadiyah and NU” (2011) 1:2 Madania J Ilmu-Ilmu Keislam 202–223, online:
Honna, Jun, “Japan and the Responsibility to Protect: coping with human security diplomacy” (2012) 25:1 https://doi.org/101080/095127482011632968 95–112, online:
Joram, Tarusarira & Ezra Chitando, Themes in Religion and Human Security in Africa, Tarusarira Joram & Ezra Chitando, eds (ROUTLEDGE, 2022).
Julio, Claudia F Fuentes & Hans Günter Brauch, “The Human Security Network: A Global North-South Coalition BT - Facing Global Environmental Change: Environmental, Human, Energy, Food, Health and Water Security Concepts” in Hans Günter Brauch et al, eds, (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009) 991.
Kaldor, Mary, “NATO and human security” (2022) 1 NDC Policy Br (NDC Policy Brief) 1–4, online:
Khanif, Al, Religious minorities, Islam, and the law : international human rights and Islamic law in Indonesia, 1st ed (Routledge, 2020).
Kuswaraharja, Dadan, “Kemenag: Wisata Halal Bukan Islamisasi Wisata”, DetikTravel (21 November 2021), online:
Latief, Hilman, “Philanthropy and ‘Muslim Citizenship’ in Post-Suharto Indonesia” (2016) 5:2 Southeast Asian Stud 269–286.
Latif, Yudi, “Keamanan Insani”, Republika Online (29 August 2012), online:
Lombardi, Clark B & Jr, James Wellman, “Introduction: Religion and Human Security: An Understudied Relationship” in Clark B Lombardi & James Wellman, eds, Introd Relig Hum Secur An Understudied Relatsh (2012) James K Wellman, Jr Clark B Lomb eds, Relig Hum Secur A Glob Perspect (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012) 1.
Makin, Al, “Haji Omar Said Tjokroaminoto: Islam and Socialism (Indonesia, 1924/1963)” in Björn Bentlage et al, eds, Relig Dyn under Impact Imp Colon (Brill, 2017) 249.
Mine, Yoichi, Oscar A Gómez & Ako Muto, “Human Security in East Asia: Assembling a Puzzle” (2019) Hum Secur Norms East Asia 1–22.
Muto, Ako, “Human Security Norms in East Asia: Towards Conceptual and Operational Innovation – CESRAN International” (2020) 8:1 J Confl Transform Secur 68–85, online:
Newman, Edward, “Human Security: Reconciling Critical Aspirations With Political ‘Realities’” (2016) 56:6 Br J Criminol 1165–1183, online:
———, “Human security” in Fen Osler Hampson, Alpaslan Özerdem & Jonathan Kent, eds, Routledge Handb Peace, Secur Dev (Routledge Handbooks Online, 2020) 33.
Patriadi, Himawan Bayu, Mohd Zaini Abu Bakar & Zahri Hamat, “Human Security in Local Wisdom Perspective: Pesantren and its Responsibility to Protect People” (2015) 28 Procedia Environ Sci 100–105.
Prasetyono, Edy, Riefqi Muna & Mahmud Syaltout, Indeks Keamanan Manusia Indonesia PENGEMBANGAN KONSEP INDEKS KEAMANAN MANUSIA INDONESIA 2015, by Edy Prasetyono, Riefqi Muna & Mahmud Syaltout (Jakarta, 2015).
Saenong, Faried F, “Nahdlatul Ulama (NU): A Grassroots Movement Advocating Moderate Islam” in Muhammad Afzal Upal & Carole M Cusack, eds, Handb Islam Sects Movements (Leiden: Brill, 2021) 129.
Sandi, Ferry, “Fakta-fakta Terbaru Bom Meledak di Depan Katedral Makassar”, CNBC Indones (29 March 2021), online:
Scheunpflug, Annette & Mark Wenz, Faith based non-state actors in selected African countries: a comparative analysis of catholic and protestant schooling in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania, Madagascar and Cameroon, by Annette Scheunpflug & Mark Wenz (2021).
Sen, Amartya, “Birth of a discourse” in Mary Martin & Taylor Owen, eds, Routledge Handb Hum Secur (2013).
Shani, Giorgio, “Human security as ontological security: a post-colonial approach Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) Human Security as Ontological Security: A Post-Colonial Approach” (2017) 20:3 Postcolonial Stud 275–293, online:
———, “Human Security at Twenty: Civilizing Process or Civilizing Mission?” E-International Relations (19 June 2014), online:
Sutrimo, “PERLUKAH UU KAMNAS?” (2015) Special Edition Wira, online:
Tarusarira, Joram & Ezra Chitando, “Introduction : Themes in religion and human security in Africa” in Joram Tarusarira & Ezra Chitando, eds, Themes Relig Hum Secur Africa (Routledge, 2020) 1.
Thérien, Jean Philippe, “Human Security: The Making of a UN Ideology” (2012) 26:2 http://dx.doi.org/101080/136008262012656265 191–213, online:
Thohir, Ajid et al, “The struggle of Freemasonry and Islamic ideology in the twentieth century during colonialization in Indonesia” (2021) 7:10 Heliyon e08237.
———, “The Struggle Of Freemasonry And Islamic Ideology In The Twentieth Century During Colonialization In Indonesia” (2021) 7:10 Heliyon.
UNDP, Human Development Report 1994, by UNDP (1994).
———, Human Development Report 1994, by UNDP (Oxford, 1994).
———, What is Human Security? – The Human Security Unit (New York, 2019).
Wellman, James K & Clark B Lombardi (eds), Religion and human security : a global perspective (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).
Published
2022-12-31
How to Cite
HARA, Abubakar Eby; INDRIASTUTI, Suyani; TRIHARTONO, Agus.
Beyond the Global Agenda.
Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 2, p. 204-225, dec. 2022.
ISSN 2599-2147.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JSEAHR/article/view/34112>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v6i2.34112.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
