Adequacy of Public Information for Meaningful E-Participation in Policy-Making
Human Rights-Based
Abstract
Within the first two years of COVID-19’s exposure, countries around the world mitigated, among other things, social mobility control, resulting in other limitations on fundamental rights, such as freedom of movement and peaceful assembly. Within the rights restrictions, the desire of citizens to satisfy their desire for information and exercise their right to free expression was insatiable. The authors argue that citizens deserve access to sufficient information in order for them to have a meaningful right to participate. At the same time, electronic means can be an additional feature to channel public participation in policy-making. Regrettably, the primary platform adopted in Human Rights laws in operationalizing the right to participate in public affairs remains minimal to coexist meaningful e-participation embarked on the adequacy of the right to information based on Human Rights (HR) standards. This study aims to answer how a justification for meaningful e-participation in law-making can be defined. It also queries which framework can provide sufficient public information based on a rights-based approach. The study leverages the convention of civil and political rights (ICCPR) as the primary legal instrument for a qualitative doctrinal approach. The study suggests that adequate information should be in one package with e-participation to optimize the enjoyment of the right to participate in policy-making.
Keywords: Law-Making, meaningful e-Participation, Right-Based, Right to Information
References
11_USCode_§1125, “11 U.S. Code § 1125 - Postpetition Disclosure and Solicitation”, online: Leg Inf Inst .
anonymous BBCNews, “Malaysia declares Covid state of emergency amid political challenges”, (2021), online: BBC News Asia.
António Guterres, “Remarks by Secretary-General António Guterres at the UN Security Council Open Debate on Women, Peace and Security. Thursday, 21 October 2021”, (2021), online: UN-Women.
Article 19, Asia Disclosed: A Review of the Right to Information across Asia, by Article 19 (2015).
Article19Org, The Right to Information Around the World, by Article19Org.
Baroi, Harold Sougato & Shawkat Alam, “Can an Open Access Approach be the Solution to Better Implementation of the Right to Information Act in Bangladesh?” (2018) 19:1 Asia Pacific J Hum Rights Law 45–68, online:.
Bayu, Dimas Jarot, “Draf RUU Omnibus Law Ibu Kota Negara Rampung, Hanya Ada 30 Pasal”, katadata.co.id (19 February 2020), online:.
Bigdeli, Alinaghi Ziaee, Muhammad Mustafa Kamal & Sergio De Cesare, “Electronic information sharing in local government authorities: Factors influencing the decision-making process” (2013) 33:5 Int J Inf Manage 816–830, online:.
Blomkamp, Emma et al, Understanding Policymaking in Indonesia: In search of a Policy Cycle, by Emma Blomkamp et al, no June (2017).
Claude-Reyes et al v Chile, [2006] 2006 Judgment (Merits & Reparations) .
Daniel Munier, “Repression of Indonesia’s Higher Education Community Threatens Future Progress”, (2022), online: Sch Risks Netw
DPR-RI, “RUU Ibu Kota Negara”, (2022), online: Progr Legis Nas.
Enwereji, PC & DE Uwizeyimana, “Enhancing Democracy Through Public Participation Process During Covid-19 Pandemic: a Review” (2021) 18:4 Gend Behav Abstract, online:.
Flear, Mark L & Anastasia Vakulenko, “A human rights perspective on citizen participation in the EU’s governance of new technologies” (2010) 10:4 Hum Rights Law Rev 661–688.
Gargoum, Suliman A & Ali S Gargoum, “Limiting Mobility During COVID-19, When and to What Level? An international Comparative Study Using Change Point Analysis” (2021) 20:July 2020 J Transp Heal 101019, online:.
Gomez, James & Robin Ramcharan, “Democracy and Human Rights in Southeast Asia” (2014) 33:3 J Curr Southeast Asian Aff 3–17, online:.
Hacker, Janine et al, “Virtually in this together–how web-conferencing systems enabled a new virtual togetherness during the COVID-19 crisis” (2020) 29:5 Eur J Inf Syst 563–584, online:.
HRW, “Covid-19 Triggers Wave of Free Speech Abuse”, Hum Rights Watch (February 2021), online:.
ICNL, COVID-19 Civic Freedom Tracker, by ICNL (2020).
IGIGlobal, “What is E-Decision Making”, online: IGI Glob Publ.
Ikhwanudin & Retnowati WD Tuti, “Implementation of Public Participation in the Establishment of Rules of Laws and Regulations in Legislature the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia During the Covid 19 Pandemic” (2021) 5:2 Jhss (Journal Humanit Soc Stud 190–197.
Innes, Judith E & David E Booher, “Reframing public participation: Strategies for the 21st century” (2004) 5:4 Plan Theory Pract 419–436.
Jacobs, S M, “It Takes More than a Village: Community Economic Development Clinics as a Mechanism for Meaningful Public Participation in an Adversarial Planning Landscape” (2013) Conn Pub Int LJ, online:.
Jann, Werner & Kai Wegrich, Theories of the policy cycle, Handbook of public policy analysis: Theory, politics, and methods (Boca Raton London New York: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2007).
Kim Lane Scheppele, “Legal autocrats are on the rise. They use constitution and democracy to destroy both”, ThePrint (10 December 2019) Opinion, online:
Knill, Christoph & Jale Tosun, Policy making, by Christoph Knill & Jale Tosun, Working Paper 01/2008 (Konstanz,
2008).
Lindgren, Karl-Oskar & Thomas Persson, “Opportunities for Participation and Access to Information: Adequate and Equal?” in Particip Gov EU (Springer, 2011) 66.
Lindgren, K-O & T Persson, Opportunities for Participation and Access to Information: Adequate and Equal? (2011).
Mark Van Hoecke, “Legal Doctrine: Which Method(s) for What Kind of Discipline?” in Mark Van Hoecke & François
Ost, eds, Eur Acad Leg Theory Monogr Ser (Oxford, Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2011) 10.
McDonagh, Maeve, “The Right to Information in International Human Rights Law” (2013) 13:1 Hum Rights Law Rev 25–55.
Oni, Samuel et al, E-consultation and the quest for inclusive governance in Nigeria (2020).
Peled, Roy & Yoram Rabin, “The Constitutional Right to Information” (2011) 42 Columbia Human Rights Law Rev 357–378.
Putra, Fadillah & M Faishal Aminuddin, “Democracy and Social Policy in Southeast Asia: A Comparative Process Tracing Analysis” (2020) Democracy:5 Putra, Fadillah, M Faishal Amin 2.
Putusan Mahkamah Konstutisi Nomor 91/PUU-XVIII/2020, [2020] Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia 1–327.
Ramadhani, Evyta Rosiyanti & Savira Anggraeni, “The Uncertainty of the Right to Health in Indonesia during Covid-19 Pandemic” (2022) 6:1 J Southeast Asian Hum Rights 55–71.
RH/JR, “PP Turunan UUCK Terkait Tata Ruang dan Pertanahan Saling Terkait”, online: Kementeri Agrar dan Tata Ruang/ Badan Pertanah Nas.
Sepúlveda, Magdalena, “The Rights-Based Approach to Social Protection in Latin America From Rhetoric to Practice. ” (2014) Soc Polit Ser.
Sepúlveda, Magdalena, The Rights-Based Approach to Social Protection in Latin America From Rhetoric to Practice, social pol ed (Santiago, Chile, 2014).
Smith, Emma & Jr Smith Jr, Using Secondary Data in Educational and Social Research (UK: McGraw-Hill Education (UK), 2008).
Spadaro, Alessandra, “COVID-19: Testing the Limits of Human Rights” (2020) 11:2 Eur J Risk Regul 317–325, online:.
Sweeden, Hope, “Technology and The Social Contract: Is a Direct Democracy Possible Today?” (2013) 7:3 Susquehanna Univ Polit Rev, online:.
Társaság A Szabadságjogokért V Hungary, 2009.
Transparency, “Right to Know Day 2018: Progress on information access around the world”, (2018), online: Article19.org
UN, “E-Participation Index”, (2021), online: Dep Econ Soc Aff Public Institutions, United Nations.
UN, “New Webinar Series Explores the Role of Creativity and Innovation in the Post-COVID New Normal”, United Nation (2021), online:.
———, The 2022 e-Government Development Index: Southeast Asia, by UN (2022).
UN_E-Government, 2022 Online Service Index Table, by UN_E-Government (2022).
UNESCO, The Right to Information in Times of Crisis : II . The Right to Information During a Health Emergency, by UNESCO (Paris, 2020).
UNFPA, A Human Rights-Based Approach to Programming: Practical Implementation Manual and Training Material, by UNFPA, Modul.
———, Covid-19: a Gender Lens Protecting Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, and Promoting Gender Equality, by UNFPA (Bangladesh, 2020).
UNGA, Freedom of opinion and expression: Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, by UNGA (2022).
———, Guidelines for States on the Effective Implementation of The Right to Participate in Public Affairs, by UNGA (2018).
UNHRC, “CCPR General Comment No. 10: Article 19 (Freedom of Opinion), 29 June 1983”, (1983), online:.
———, “General Comment No. 25: the Right to Participate in Public Affairs, Voting Rights and the Right of Equal Access to Public Service (Art. 25), UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev”, (1996), online:.
———, “General Comment No. 34, Article 19, Freedoms of Opinion and Expression, 12 September 2011, CCPR/C/GC/34”, (2011), online: Gen comment No 34 Artic 19.
United_Nations, E-Government Survey (Full Report), by United_Nations (2020).
UN-OHCHR, Guidelines for States on the effective Implementation of the Right to Participate in Public Affairs A/HRC/39/28, by UN-OHCHR (2018).
UNOHCHR, Human Rights Indicators: A Guide to Measurement (2012).
Voule, Mr Clément, “‘States Responses to Covid 19 Threat Should not Halt Freedoms of Assembly and Association’ – UN Expert on the Rights to Freedoms of Peaceful Assembly and of Association, Mr. Clément Voule”, OHCHR (14 April 2020), online:.
Walton, Douglas C, “Is Modern Information Technology Enabling the Evolution of a More Direct Democracy?” (2007) 63:5–6 World Futures 365–385.
Wiratraman, Herlambang Perdana, “Does Indonesian COVID-19 Emergency Law Secure Rule of Law and Human Rights?” (2020) 4:1 J Southeast Asian Hum Rights 306.
Yulianti, Isnenningtyas & Nurrahman Aji Utomo, “Unraveling Disability Participation in Indigenous Peoples” (2019) 3:2 J Southeast Asian Hum Rights 360–376.
Zafarullah, Habib & Noore Alam Siddiquee, “Open government and the right to information: Implications for transparency and accountability in Asia” (2021) Public Adm Dev pad.1944, online:.
anonymous BBCNews, “Malaysia declares Covid state of emergency amid political challenges”, (2021), online: BBC News Asia
António Guterres, “Remarks by Secretary-General António Guterres at the UN Security Council Open Debate on Women, Peace and Security. Thursday, 21 October 2021”, (2021), online: UN-Women
Article 19, Asia Disclosed: A Review of the Right to Information across Asia, by Article 19 (2015).
Article19Org, The Right to Information Around the World, by Article19Org.
Baroi, Harold Sougato & Shawkat Alam, “Can an Open Access Approach be the Solution to Better Implementation of the Right to Information Act in Bangladesh?” (2018) 19:1 Asia Pacific J Hum Rights Law 45–68, online:
Bayu, Dimas Jarot, “Draf RUU Omnibus Law Ibu Kota Negara Rampung, Hanya Ada 30 Pasal”, katadata.co.id (19 February 2020), online:
Bigdeli, Alinaghi Ziaee, Muhammad Mustafa Kamal & Sergio De Cesare, “Electronic information sharing in local government authorities: Factors influencing the decision-making process” (2013) 33:5 Int J Inf Manage 816–830, online:
Blomkamp, Emma et al, Understanding Policymaking in Indonesia: In search of a Policy Cycle, by Emma Blomkamp et al, no June (2017).
Claude-Reyes et al v Chile, [2006] 2006 Judgment (Merits & Reparations) .
Daniel Munier, “Repression of Indonesia’s Higher Education Community Threatens Future Progress”, (2022), online: Sch Risks Netw
DPR-RI, “RUU Ibu Kota Negara”, (2022), online: Progr Legis Nas
Enwereji, PC & DE Uwizeyimana, “Enhancing Democracy Through Public Participation Process During Covid-19 Pandemic: a Review” (2021) 18:4 Gend Behav Abstract, online:
Flear, Mark L & Anastasia Vakulenko, “A human rights perspective on citizen participation in the EU’s governance of new technologies” (2010) 10:4 Hum Rights Law Rev 661–688.
Gargoum, Suliman A & Ali S Gargoum, “Limiting Mobility During COVID-19, When and to What Level? An international Comparative Study Using Change Point Analysis” (2021) 20:July 2020 J Transp Heal 101019, online:
Gomez, James & Robin Ramcharan, “Democracy and Human Rights in Southeast Asia” (2014) 33:3 J Curr Southeast Asian Aff 3–17, online:
Hacker, Janine et al, “Virtually in this together–how web-conferencing systems enabled a new virtual togetherness during the COVID-19 crisis” (2020) 29:5 Eur J Inf Syst 563–584, online:
HRW, “Covid-19 Triggers Wave of Free Speech Abuse”, Hum Rights Watch (February 2021), online:
ICNL, COVID-19 Civic Freedom Tracker, by ICNL (2020).
IGIGlobal, “What is E-Decision Making”, online: IGI Glob Publ
Ikhwanudin & Retnowati WD Tuti, “Implementation of Public Participation in the Establishment of Rules of Laws and Regulations in Legislature the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia During the Covid 19 Pandemic” (2021) 5:2 Jhss (Journal Humanit Soc Stud 190–197.
Innes, Judith E & David E Booher, “Reframing public participation: Strategies for the 21st century” (2004) 5:4 Plan Theory Pract 419–436.
Jacobs, S M, “It Takes More than a Village: Community Economic Development Clinics as a Mechanism for Meaningful Public Participation in an Adversarial Planning Landscape” (2013) Conn Pub Int LJ, online:
Jann, Werner & Kai Wegrich, Theories of the policy cycle, Handbook of public policy analysis: Theory, politics, and methods (Boca Raton London New York: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2007).
Kim Lane Scheppele, “Legal autocrats are on the rise. They use constitution and democracy to destroy both”, ThePrint (10 December 2019) Opinion, online:
Knill, Christoph & Jale Tosun, Policy making, by Christoph Knill & Jale Tosun, Working Paper 01/2008 (Konstanz,
2008).
Lindgren, Karl-Oskar & Thomas Persson, “Opportunities for Participation and Access to Information: Adequate and Equal?” in Particip Gov EU (Springer, 2011) 66.
Lindgren, K-O & T Persson, Opportunities for Participation and Access to Information: Adequate and Equal? (2011).
Mark Van Hoecke, “Legal Doctrine: Which Method(s) for What Kind of Discipline?” in Mark Van Hoecke & François
Ost, eds, Eur Acad Leg Theory Monogr Ser (Oxford, Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2011) 10.
McDonagh, Maeve, “The Right to Information in International Human Rights Law” (2013) 13:1 Hum Rights Law Rev 25–55.
Oni, Samuel et al, E-consultation and the quest for inclusive governance in Nigeria (2020).
Peled, Roy & Yoram Rabin, “The Constitutional Right to Information” (2011) 42 Columbia Human Rights Law Rev 357–378.
Putra, Fadillah & M Faishal Aminuddin, “Democracy and Social Policy in Southeast Asia: A Comparative Process Tracing Analysis” (2020) Democracy:5 Putra, Fadillah, M Faishal Amin 2.
Putusan Mahkamah Konstutisi Nomor 91/PUU-XVIII/2020, [2020] Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia 1–327.
Ramadhani, Evyta Rosiyanti & Savira Anggraeni, “The Uncertainty of the Right to Health in Indonesia during Covid-19 Pandemic” (2022) 6:1 J Southeast Asian Hum Rights 55–71.
RH/JR, “PP Turunan UUCK Terkait Tata Ruang dan Pertanahan Saling Terkait”, online: Kementeri Agrar dan Tata Ruang/ Badan Pertanah Nas
Sepúlveda, Magdalena, “The Rights-Based Approach to Social Protection in Latin America From Rhetoric to Practice. ” (2014) Soc Polit Ser.
Sepúlveda, Magdalena, The Rights-Based Approach to Social Protection in Latin America From Rhetoric to Practice, social pol ed (Santiago, Chile, 2014).
Smith, Emma & Jr Smith Jr, Using Secondary Data in Educational and Social Research (UK: McGraw-Hill Education (UK), 2008).
Spadaro, Alessandra, “COVID-19: Testing the Limits of Human Rights” (2020) 11:2 Eur J Risk Regul 317–325, online:
Sweeden, Hope, “Technology and The Social Contract: Is a Direct Democracy Possible Today?” (2013) 7:3 Susquehanna Univ Polit Rev, online:
Társaság A Szabadságjogokért V Hungary, 2009.
Transparency, “Right to Know Day 2018: Progress on information access around the world”, (2018), online: Article19.org
UN, “E-Participation Index”, (2021), online: Dep Econ Soc Aff Public Institutions, United Nations
UN, “New Webinar Series Explores the Role of Creativity and Innovation in the Post-COVID New Normal”, United Nation (2021), online:
———, The 2022 e-Government Development Index: Southeast Asia, by UN (2022).
UN_E-Government, 2022 Online Service Index Table, by UN_E-Government (2022).
UNESCO, The Right to Information in Times of Crisis : II . The Right to Information During a Health Emergency, by UNESCO (Paris, 2020).
UNFPA, A Human Rights-Based Approach to Programming: Practical Implementation Manual and Training Material, by UNFPA, Modul.
———, Covid-19: a Gender Lens Protecting Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, and Promoting Gender Equality, by UNFPA (Bangladesh, 2020).
UNGA, Freedom of opinion and expression: Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, by UNGA (2022).
———, Guidelines for States on the Effective Implementation of The Right to Participate in Public Affairs, by UNGA (2018).
UNHRC, “CCPR General Comment No. 10: Article 19 (Freedom of Opinion), 29 June 1983”, (1983), online:
———, “General Comment No. 25: the Right to Participate in Public Affairs, Voting Rights and the Right of Equal Access to Public Service (Art. 25), UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev”, (1996), online:
———, “General Comment No. 34, Article 19, Freedoms of Opinion and Expression, 12 September 2011, CCPR/C/GC/34”, (2011), online: Gen comment No 34 Artic 19
United_Nations, E-Government Survey (Full Report), by United_Nations (2020).
UN-OHCHR, Guidelines for States on the effective Implementation of the Right to Participate in Public Affairs A/HRC/39/28, by UN-OHCHR (2018).
UNOHCHR, Human Rights Indicators: A Guide to Measurement (2012).
Voule, Mr Clément, “‘States Responses to Covid 19 Threat Should not Halt Freedoms of Assembly and Association’ – UN Expert on the Rights to Freedoms of Peaceful Assembly and of Association, Mr. Clément Voule”, OHCHR (14 April 2020), online:
Walton, Douglas C, “Is Modern Information Technology Enabling the Evolution of a More Direct Democracy?” (2007) 63:5–6 World Futures 365–385.
Wiratraman, Herlambang Perdana, “Does Indonesian COVID-19 Emergency Law Secure Rule of Law and Human Rights?” (2020) 4:1 J Southeast Asian Hum Rights 306.
Yulianti, Isnenningtyas & Nurrahman Aji Utomo, “Unraveling Disability Participation in Indigenous Peoples” (2019) 3:2 J Southeast Asian Hum Rights 360–376.
Zafarullah, Habib & Noore Alam Siddiquee, “Open government and the right to information: Implications for transparency and accountability in Asia” (2021) Public Adm Dev pad.1944, online:
Published
2022-12-31
How to Cite
JUNAENAH, Inna; YUNUS, Abd Shukor Mohd; HASHIM, Normawati.
Adequacy of Public Information for Meaningful E-Participation in Policy-Making.
Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 2, p. 153-181, dec. 2022.
ISSN 2599-2147.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JSEAHR/article/view/32420>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v6i2.32420.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
