A Comparative Analysis of the Status of Homosexual Men in Indonesia and the Philippines
Abstract
Gender related discrimination has increased pervasively, especially as the fight for equality and acceptance takes center stage in the past few years. Women persistently demand the right to stand equally with men, and likewise, the Lesbian, Gay, Bi-Sexual, Transgender, Queer and Intersex Community (LGBTQI) seek the same equity. However, responses to gender and sexuality issues vary greatly across the world. The LGBTQI population is also difficult to determine given the intolerance of some Countries towards this community. On the topic of homosexuality, attitudes and presumptions prevail and act as barriers in acceptance of the ‘gay’ community. These obstacles hail from a multitude of concerns, spanning the areas of culture, religion and ethnicity, amongst others. This study seeks to analyze and determine the treatment of homosexual men in two multicultural countries: Indonesia and the Philippines. Repeated reports of gay suppression in Indonesia are a stark contrast to the seemingly high tolerance that gay people enjoy in the Philippines. This paper outlines the causes of these opposing treatments for gay communities in Indonesia and the Philippines.
References
690 Manila (n.d.). “The One 690 Entertainment Bar”. Retrieved from:
Ablon, G.M. (2019) “Passage of SOGIE Bill Urged.”Rappler. Retrieved from:
AFP (2019). “Thousands March for Equality in Manila’s Pride Parade.”Philippine Star. Retrieved from:
Alipour, M.(2018) “Shīʿa neo-traditionalist scholars and theology of homosexuality: review and reflections on Mohsen Kadivar’s shifting approach”, Theology & Sexuality, 24:3, 200-218, DOI: 10.1080/13558358.2018.1478187
Arivia, Gadis&Gina, Abby. (2016). ‘’When the State is Absent: A Study of LGBT Community in Jakarta’’, in Indonesian Feminist Journal, 4(1), p. 4-12
Badinter, Elizabeth. (1992). XY de l’identité masculine. Paris: Odile Jacob
Bagas, J. (2018). “Political Sectarianism and the SOGIE Bill”. Inquirer.net. Retrieved from:
Baumle, A. K., Editor. (2013). International Handbook on the Demography of Sexuality. Dordrecht, The Netherland: Springer Press
Bevins, V. (2018) “Once-Tolerant Indonesia Moves to Outlaw Gay and Extramarital Sex” The Washington Post. Retrieved from:
Bhandari, S. (2018). “The Best LGBTQ Bars and Clubs in Manil, Philippines.” Culture Trip. Retrieved from: < https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/the-best-lgbtq-bars-and-clubs-in-manila-philippines/>
Bilon, X., & De Leon, C. (2018) “With no national law, can we rely on local ordinances to protect LGBTQs against discrimination?” CNN Philippines. Retrieved from:
Boellstorff, Tom. (2005). The Gay Archipelago. Sexuality and Nation in Indonesia, Princeton University Press, Princeton&Oxford
Caroll, A. (2016). State sponsored homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: Criminalisations, protection and recognition, Geneva: International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Castañeda, Marina. (1999). Comprendre l’homosexualité. Des clés, des conseils, pour les homosexuels, leurs familles, leur thérapeutes. Paris: Robert Laffont
Chase. (2017)”Anti-Discrimination Ordinances Across the Philippines.” Transgender Philippines. Retrieved from:
Chiu, P. (2013) “Pinoys are Gay Friendly? Only on Paper, Says LGBT Activist” GMA News Online. Retrieved from:
Conde, C. (2017) “ Philippines Should Adopt Same-Sex Marriage: Duterte Turnaround Signals Lack of Commitment to LGBT Rights” Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from:
Cornelio, J. & Dagle, R. (2019). “A Prayerful Congress”. Rappler.Com. Retrieved from:
Crisostomo, S. (2019)”LGU’s Lauded for Measures on LGBT Rights.”Philippine Star. Retrieved from:
Davies, S. G. (2010). Gender Diversity in Indonesia: sexuality, Islam and queer selves, Routledge, Abingdon
De Wilde, C (2018) “LGBT Tourism and Inclusion in Southeast Asia: A Divided Future” The Diplomat. < https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/lgbt-tourism-and-inclusion-in-southeast-asia-a-divided-future/>
Demetrianova, Alexandra. (2014). “The Invisible LGBT in ASEAN: Part 2”, in SimplySyx,
http://simplysxy.com/articles/2014/07/05/the-invisible-lgbt-people-in-asean-part-2/>
Deslate, M.J.B (2016) “The SOGIE Equality Bill.”Divina Law Dynamic Lawyering. Retrieved from:
De Guzman, C. (2019) “Anti-Discrimination Bill Fails to Hurdle Congress.”CNN Philippines. Retrieved from:
Dowshen, S (2018) Sexual Orientation. The Nemours Foundation. Retrieved from:
Donovan, James M. (1992). “Homosexual, Gay, and Lesbian: Defining the Words and Sampling the Populations”, in Henry L. Minton (Ed.), Gay and Lesbian Studies, 24(1), p. 27 – 47
Emont, J. (2016). “Indonesia’s Top Court Weighs Ban on Sex Outside Marriage”. Washington Post. Retrieved from: < https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/sex-is-about-to-get-much-more-complicated-in-indonesia/2016/10/25/e12db900-8f15-11e6-a6a3-d50061aa9fae_story.html?utm_term=.6d3735229a1e>
Flores, A. & Park, A. (2018). “Polarized Progress: Social Acceptance of LGBT People in 141 Countries, 1981 to 2014”. The Williams Institute. UCLA School of Law. Retrieved from: < https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Polarized-Progress-April-2018.pdf>
Fraser, Nancy. (1997). JusticeInterruptus. Critical Reflections on the “Postsocialist” Condition, Routledge,
New York&London
Gander, K. (2017) “Muslims, Jews and Christians on Being LGBT and Believing in God” Independent. Retrieved from: < https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/lgbt-muslims-christians-jews-stonewall-beliefs-god-faith-role-models-lifestyle-gay-lesbians-trans-a7666846.html>
Gates, G. J.,&Ost, J. (2004). The Gay and Lesbian Atlas. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press
Gates, G. J.,&Cooke, A. M. (2010). United States Census Snapshot: 2010. The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law
Gates, G. J. (2014). LGB/T Demographics: Comparisons among population-based surveys. Williams Institute: UCLA School of Law
Gita, R.A. (2018) “SWS: 61% of Filipinos Reject Same-Sex Marriage”. Sunstar.com. Retrieved from: < https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1750492>
Guitierrez, N. (2017). “LGBTQ Activists: We are Tolerated but not Accepted in the Philippines.” Rappler. Retrieved from:
Habib, S. (2010). Islam and Homosexuality. ABC-CLIO, LLC. Santa Barbara, California. Retrieved from:< https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=9y_TyzK9_5oC&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=offers+its+believers+a+complete+blueprint+for+life+and+requires+the+believers+to+strive+to+follow+this+template.&source=bl&ots=gbxPZRmYQU&sig=ACfU3U2_40PdvU6QR4LBLxT5r6B20ecBEQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwim9LCF3MzjAhXTxYsBHWWpA2MQ6AEwAHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=offers%20its%20believers%20a%20complete%20blueprint%20for%20life%20and%20requires%20the%20believers%20to%20strive%20to%20follow%20this%20template.&f=false>
Hatzenbuehler, M. (2011).“The Social Environment and Suicide Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”.American Academy of Pediatrics.doi:10.1542/peds.2010-3020.
Hayes, J. J. (1976). “Gayspeak”, in Quarterly Journal of Speech, 62, p. 256 – 266
Herek, G. M. (2004). Beyond “homophobia”: Thinking about sexual prejudice and stigma in the twenty-first century, in Sexual Research&Social Policy, 1(2), p. 6-24
Herek, G.M. (2018). “Facts about Homosexuality and Child Molestation”. UC Davis. Retrieved from:
Herek, G. M. (2007). Confronting sexual stigma and prejudice: Theory and practice, in Journal of Social Issues, 63, p. 905-925
Herek, G. M.,&McLemaro, K. A. (2013). Sexual prejudice, in Annual Review of Psychology, 67, p. 309-333
Ibrahim K, Songwathana P. (2009). Cultural Care for People Living with HIV/AIDS, in Muslim
Communities in Asia: A Literature Review in Thai Journal Nursing Res, 13 (2)
Jennings, R. (2017) “These Asian Countries are the Most Likely to Follow in Taiwan’s LGBT Rights Footsteps” Forbes. Retrieved from:
Johan, RizkiTheodorus. 2011. “Discovering the “Others”: Unearthing Homosexual Identity
Construction in Selected Indonesia Contemporary Novels and Short Stories”, in Proceedings The Asian Conference on Literature and Librarianship
Kartomi, Margaret. 1976. “Performance, Music and Meaning of ReyogPonorogo”, in Indonesia, Number 22
Kastanis, A.,&Wilson, B. D. M. (2013). Race/Ethnicity, Gender and Socioeconomic Wellbeing of Individuals in Same-sex Couples. Williams Institute: UCLA School of Law
Kinsey, A., Pomeroy, W. & Martin, C. (1948)“Sexual Behavior in the Human Male”. Philadelphia, Pa: W.B. Saunders. 610 – 666. Retrieved from:
Klein, R. (2006). “Markova: Wartime Comfort Gay in the Philippines. Interview with Walter Dempster Jr”. Intersections. Retrieved from:
Langlois, A., Wilkinson, C., Gerber, P., & Offord, B. (2013). “Community, Identity, Orientation: Sexuality, Gender and Rights in ASEAN”. The Pacific Review, 30:5, 710-728, DOI: 10.1080/09512748.2017.1294613
Langlois, A., Wilkinson, C., Gerber, P., & Offord, B. (2017) “LGBT Rights in Southeast Asia: One Step Forward, Two-Steps Back?” IAFOR Journal of Asian Studies. Retrieved from:
Lemke, R., Tornow, T.,&PlanetRomeo.com. (2015). Gay happiness monitor: Results overview from a global survey on perceived gay-related opinion and gay well-being, Mainz: Johannes Gutenberg University
Magsambol, B. (2019) “Record Breaking: 70,000 Filipinos join Metro Manila Pride 2019.” Retrieved from:
Manalastas, E. (2015) “Anti-Discrimination Ordinances”.Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines, Diliman. Retrieved from:
Manalastas, E. J., Ojanen, T. T., Torre, B. A., Ratanashevorn, R., Hong, B. C. C., Kumaresan, V., & Veeramuthu, V. (2017). “Homonegativity in Southeast Asia: Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam”. Asia-Pacific Social Sciences Review , 17 (1), 25-33. Retrieved from:
Manalastas, E. & Torre, B. (n.d.) Social Psychological Aspects of Advocating LGBT Human Rights in the Philippines. University of the Philippines, Diliman Quezon city. Retrieved from:
Marcus, J. (2018) “5 LGBT-Friendly Cities in South-East Asia” Goats on the Road. Retrieved from:
Masci, D. & Desilver, D. (2019) “Gay Marriage Around the World” Pew Research Center. Retrieved from:
Masli, N. (2018). “Being LGBT in Indonesia, Why Attacks on the Community are Growing”.Lifegate. Retrieved from: < https://www.lifegate.com/people/news/lgbt-in-indonesia-attacks-increasing>
McCabe, Sean et al (2010)”The Relationship Between Discrimination and Substance Use Disorders Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults in the United States”. American Journal of Public Health 100, 1946_1952,https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.163147
McLaughlin, Katie A et al. “Responses to discrimination and psychiatric disorders among Black, Hispanic, female, and lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals.” American journal of public health vol. 100,8 (2010): 1477-84. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181586
Merigo, E. (2019) “In Indonesia, LGBT Communities Viewed as a Moral Threat – Condemned by Religion and, increasingly, by Law.” The South China Morning Post. Retrieved from:< https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3004634/indonesia-lgbt-community-viewed-moral-threat>
Mucherah, W., Owino, E., McCoy, K. (2016).Grappling with the Issue of Homosexuality: Perceptions,
Attitudes, and Beliefs among High School Students in Kenya. Psychology Research and Behavior
Management. Dove Press. DOI: 10.2147/PRBM.S112421. Retrieved from:
Murtagh, Ben. (2013). Genders and Sexualities in Indonesian Cinema. Construction of gay, lesbi and waria identities on screen, Routledge, New York\
National Queer Asian Pacific Islander Alliance (n.d.) “State of LGBTQ in Asian and the Pacific” National Queer Asian Pacific Islander Alliance. Retrieved from:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2012). Born free and equal: Sexual Orientation and gender identity in international human rights law, New York: United Nations
Offord, Baden. (2011). “Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia: Arrested Development!”, in Manon Tremblay, David Paternotte&Carol Johnson (eds.), The Lesbian and Gay Movement and the State. Comparative Insights into a Transformed Relationship, Ashgate, United Kingdom
Pascual, G.R. (2016) “SWARD SPEAK (GAY LINGO) IN THE PHILIPPINE CONTEXT: A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS.”International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences. ISSN: 2278-6236. Retrieved from: < http://www.garph.co.uk/IJARMSS/Dec2016/4.pdf>
Pew Research Center (2013) The Global Divide on Homosexuality: Greater Acceptance in More Secular and Affluent Countries. Pew Research Center, 1615 L St. NW Suite 800, Washington DC20036 USA. Retrieved from:
Pollack, L., Woods, W., Blair, J., & Binson, B. (2014) “Presence of an HIV Testing Program Lowers the Prevalence of Unprotected Insertive Anal Intercourse Inside a Gay Bathhouse Among HIV-Negative and HIV-Unknown Patrons”. Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services, 13:3, 306-323, DOI: 10.1080/15381501.2013.864175
Presidential Museum and Library (n.d.) “Pre-Colonial Manila”. Malacanang Palace. Retrieved from:
Psychological Association of the Philippines (2013)”Reaffirmation of Non-Discrimination of LGBT Filipinos.”Psychological Association of the Philippines. Retrieved from:
Rainbow Rights Project and Philippine LGBT Hate Crime Watch. (2012) “THE STATUS OF LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER RIGHTS IN THE PHILIPPINES: Submission to the Human Rights Council for Universal Periodic Review 13th Session”. Universal Periodic Review. Retrieved from:
Ramadhani, N.F & Parlina, I. (2016) “Anti-LGBT Rhetoric to Spike Ahead of Elections” The Jakarta Post. Retrieved from: < https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/08/12/anti-lgbt-rhetoric-spike-ahead-elections.html>
Rappler.com (2019) “How Religious Groups Clashed over LGBTQ+ Rights at Pride 2019” Rappler. Retrieved from: < https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/234350-how-religious-groups-clashed-lgbtq-rights-pride-march-2019>
Rappler.com (2019) “Look: Stars, Beauty Queens at Metro Manila Pride 2019.” Rappler. Retrieved from:
Rassool GH. (2000). The crescent and Islam: Healing, nursing and the spiritual dimensions. Some considerations towards an understanding of the Islamic perspectives on Caring in Journal AdvNurs., 32
Republic of the Philippines. Cong. “House Bill No. 4982: An Act Prohibiting Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity or Expression (SOGIE) and Providing Penalties Therefore.”17th Cong., 1st Session. Print. Quezon City, Philippines. Retrieved from:
Republic of the Philippines (1987) The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. Art. III. Bill of Rights. Retrieved from:
Reyes, R. (2018). “Same-Sex Wedding thrives in Philippines amid Opposition”. Sunstar.Com. Retrieved from:
Ricordeau. G. (2009, February). Review of “Philippine Gay Culture: Binabae to Bakla, Silahis to MSM”. Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific, Issue 19. Retrieved from:
Rivera, A. (2019) “Marikina Ordinance Upholds LGBT Community Equal Rights.” People’s Journal. Retrieved from:
Robison, J. (2002) What Percentage of the Population is Gay? Gallup Inc. Retrieved from:
Rukmana, D. (2014) “The Megacity of Jakarta: Problems, Challenges and Planning Efforts”. Indonesia’s Urban Studies. Retrieved from: < http://indonesiaurbanstudies.blogspot.com/2014/03/the-megacity-of-jakarta-problems.html>
Sanders, D. (2013). “Recognizing Same-Sex Relationships in Thailand”. CMU Journal of Law and Social Sciences, 6(1), p. 27-55
Sanders, D. (2015). “Same-sex Relationships: Moves to Recognition in Vietnam and Thailand”. Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia, 18. Retrieved from:
Sapiie, Marguerite Afra. (2018). “LGBT people viewed negatively, but accepted as Indonesian citizens”, in The Jakarta Post, January 25. Retrieved from”
Savin-Williams, Ritch C. (2005). The New Gay Teenager. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
Siker, J. (2007). Homosexuality and Religion: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881. USA
Spiegelhalter, D. (2015). “Is 10% of the Population Really Gay?” Retrieved from:
Solomon, M. & Mayer, K (2015) “Evolution of Syphilis Among Men Who Have Sex with Men”. Sexual Health 12(2) 96-102 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH1417
Tan, M.L. (2001). “Survival Through Pluralism: Emerging Gay Communities in the Philippines. Gay and Lesbian Asia: Culture, Identity, Community.” Gerard Sullivan & Peter A. Jackson (Eds.). The Haworth Press Inc. 117–142.
Tákacs, Mocsonaki&Tamás P. Tóth. (2008). “Social Exclusion of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) People in Hungary”, Research Report, Institute of Sociology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences
The Office of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer & Intersex Life.(n.d) Definitions. Vanderbilt
University, Nashville Tenessee 37240. Retrieved from:
Thin, R.N & Smith, D.M. (1976) “Some Characteristics of Homosexual Men”Sexually Transmitted Infections 1976; 52:161-164. DOI: 10.1136/sti.52.3.161
Thoreson, R. & Lee, D. (2017)”Just Let Us Be: Discrimination against LGBT Students in the Philippines.” Human Rights Watch. 50 Fifth Avenue, 34th Floor, NY 10118 – 3299 USA. Retrieved from:
Tubeza, P. (2013) PH Ranks among Most Gay-Friendly in the World.Inquirer.Net.
UCA News (2019). “Church Leaders Pan Philippine Same-Sex Union Survey”. UCA News. Retrieved from:
United Nations (2016) “The World’s Cities in 2016”. United Nations. Retrieved from:
UNDP, USAID (2014) “ Being LGBT in Asia: The Philippines Country Report” Bangkok. Retrieved from:
Waters, M. (2019).“The First Pride Marches in Photos”. Smithsonian.Com. Retrieved from:
Whitaker, B. (2011)Unspeakable Love. Gay and Lesbian Life in the Middle East. London: SAQI
Whitaker, R. (2017) “Same Sex Marriage: What Does the Bible Really Have to Say?” Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved from:
Widianto, S. (2016). “LGBT Jakartans: Worse than an Nuclear Bomb. We Just Want to be Accepte”. Jakarta. Retrieved from:< https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/nov/26/lgbt-young-jakartans-nuclear-bomb-accepted>
Wilson, Ian Douglas. 1999. “ReogPonorogo: Spirituality, Sexuality and Power in a Javanese
Performance Tradition”, in Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific, Volume 2
Yee, H.Y. (2019) “LGBT Rights in Southeast Asia: What Next” Salzburg Global Seminar. Salzburg, Austria. Retrieved from:
Yosephine, L. (2016) “Indonesian psychiatrists label LGBT as mental disorders” The Jakarta Post. Retrieved from: < https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/02/24/indonesian-psychiatrists-label-lgbt-mental-disorders.html>
Ablon, G.M. (2019) “Passage of SOGIE Bill Urged.”Rappler. Retrieved from:
AFP (2019). “Thousands March for Equality in Manila’s Pride Parade.”Philippine Star. Retrieved from:
Alipour, M.(2018) “Shīʿa neo-traditionalist scholars and theology of homosexuality: review and reflections on Mohsen Kadivar’s shifting approach”, Theology & Sexuality, 24:3, 200-218, DOI: 10.1080/13558358.2018.1478187
Arivia, Gadis&Gina, Abby. (2016). ‘’When the State is Absent: A Study of LGBT Community in Jakarta’’, in Indonesian Feminist Journal, 4(1), p. 4-12
Badinter, Elizabeth. (1992). XY de l’identité masculine. Paris: Odile Jacob
Bagas, J. (2018). “Political Sectarianism and the SOGIE Bill”. Inquirer.net. Retrieved from:
Baumle, A. K., Editor. (2013). International Handbook on the Demography of Sexuality. Dordrecht, The Netherland: Springer Press
Bevins, V. (2018) “Once-Tolerant Indonesia Moves to Outlaw Gay and Extramarital Sex” The Washington Post. Retrieved from:
Bhandari, S. (2018). “The Best LGBTQ Bars and Clubs in Manil, Philippines.” Culture Trip. Retrieved from: < https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/the-best-lgbtq-bars-and-clubs-in-manila-philippines/>
Bilon, X., & De Leon, C. (2018) “With no national law, can we rely on local ordinances to protect LGBTQs against discrimination?” CNN Philippines. Retrieved from:
Boellstorff, Tom. (2005). The Gay Archipelago. Sexuality and Nation in Indonesia, Princeton University Press, Princeton&Oxford
Caroll, A. (2016). State sponsored homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: Criminalisations, protection and recognition, Geneva: International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Castañeda, Marina. (1999). Comprendre l’homosexualité. Des clés, des conseils, pour les homosexuels, leurs familles, leur thérapeutes. Paris: Robert Laffont
Chase. (2017)”Anti-Discrimination Ordinances Across the Philippines.” Transgender Philippines. Retrieved from:
Chiu, P. (2013) “Pinoys are Gay Friendly? Only on Paper, Says LGBT Activist” GMA News Online. Retrieved from:
Conde, C. (2017) “ Philippines Should Adopt Same-Sex Marriage: Duterte Turnaround Signals Lack of Commitment to LGBT Rights” Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from:
Cornelio, J. & Dagle, R. (2019). “A Prayerful Congress”. Rappler.Com. Retrieved from:
Crisostomo, S. (2019)”LGU’s Lauded for Measures on LGBT Rights.”Philippine Star. Retrieved from:
Davies, S. G. (2010). Gender Diversity in Indonesia: sexuality, Islam and queer selves, Routledge, Abingdon
De Wilde, C (2018) “LGBT Tourism and Inclusion in Southeast Asia: A Divided Future” The Diplomat. < https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/lgbt-tourism-and-inclusion-in-southeast-asia-a-divided-future/>
Demetrianova, Alexandra. (2014). “The Invisible LGBT in ASEAN: Part 2”, in SimplySyx,
http://simplysxy.com/articles/2014/07/05/the-invisible-lgbt-people-in-asean-part-2/>
Deslate, M.J.B (2016) “The SOGIE Equality Bill.”Divina Law Dynamic Lawyering. Retrieved from:
De Guzman, C. (2019) “Anti-Discrimination Bill Fails to Hurdle Congress.”CNN Philippines. Retrieved from:
Dowshen, S (2018) Sexual Orientation. The Nemours Foundation. Retrieved from:
Donovan, James M. (1992). “Homosexual, Gay, and Lesbian: Defining the Words and Sampling the Populations”, in Henry L. Minton (Ed.), Gay and Lesbian Studies, 24(1), p. 27 – 47
Emont, J. (2016). “Indonesia’s Top Court Weighs Ban on Sex Outside Marriage”. Washington Post. Retrieved from: < https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/sex-is-about-to-get-much-more-complicated-in-indonesia/2016/10/25/e12db900-8f15-11e6-a6a3-d50061aa9fae_story.html?utm_term=.6d3735229a1e>
Flores, A. & Park, A. (2018). “Polarized Progress: Social Acceptance of LGBT People in 141 Countries, 1981 to 2014”. The Williams Institute. UCLA School of Law. Retrieved from: < https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Polarized-Progress-April-2018.pdf>
Fraser, Nancy. (1997). JusticeInterruptus. Critical Reflections on the “Postsocialist” Condition, Routledge,
New York&London
Gander, K. (2017) “Muslims, Jews and Christians on Being LGBT and Believing in God” Independent. Retrieved from: < https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/lgbt-muslims-christians-jews-stonewall-beliefs-god-faith-role-models-lifestyle-gay-lesbians-trans-a7666846.html>
Gates, G. J.,&Ost, J. (2004). The Gay and Lesbian Atlas. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press
Gates, G. J.,&Cooke, A. M. (2010). United States Census Snapshot: 2010. The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law
Gates, G. J. (2014). LGB/T Demographics: Comparisons among population-based surveys. Williams Institute: UCLA School of Law
Gita, R.A. (2018) “SWS: 61% of Filipinos Reject Same-Sex Marriage”. Sunstar.com. Retrieved from: < https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1750492>
Guitierrez, N. (2017). “LGBTQ Activists: We are Tolerated but not Accepted in the Philippines.” Rappler. Retrieved from:
Habib, S. (2010). Islam and Homosexuality. ABC-CLIO, LLC. Santa Barbara, California. Retrieved from:< https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=9y_TyzK9_5oC&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=offers+its+believers+a+complete+blueprint+for+life+and+requires+the+believers+to+strive+to+follow+this+template.&source=bl&ots=gbxPZRmYQU&sig=ACfU3U2_40PdvU6QR4LBLxT5r6B20ecBEQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwim9LCF3MzjAhXTxYsBHWWpA2MQ6AEwAHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=offers%20its%20believers%20a%20complete%20blueprint%20for%20life%20and%20requires%20the%20believers%20to%20strive%20to%20follow%20this%20template.&f=false>
Hatzenbuehler, M. (2011).“The Social Environment and Suicide Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”.American Academy of Pediatrics.doi:10.1542/peds.2010-3020.
Hayes, J. J. (1976). “Gayspeak”, in Quarterly Journal of Speech, 62, p. 256 – 266
Herek, G. M. (2004). Beyond “homophobia”: Thinking about sexual prejudice and stigma in the twenty-first century, in Sexual Research&Social Policy, 1(2), p. 6-24
Herek, G.M. (2018). “Facts about Homosexuality and Child Molestation”. UC Davis. Retrieved from:
Herek, G. M. (2007). Confronting sexual stigma and prejudice: Theory and practice, in Journal of Social Issues, 63, p. 905-925
Herek, G. M.,&McLemaro, K. A. (2013). Sexual prejudice, in Annual Review of Psychology, 67, p. 309-333
Ibrahim K, Songwathana P. (2009). Cultural Care for People Living with HIV/AIDS, in Muslim
Communities in Asia: A Literature Review in Thai Journal Nursing Res, 13 (2)
Jennings, R. (2017) “These Asian Countries are the Most Likely to Follow in Taiwan’s LGBT Rights Footsteps” Forbes. Retrieved from:
Johan, RizkiTheodorus. 2011. “Discovering the “Others”: Unearthing Homosexual Identity
Construction in Selected Indonesia Contemporary Novels and Short Stories”, in Proceedings The Asian Conference on Literature and Librarianship
Kartomi, Margaret. 1976. “Performance, Music and Meaning of ReyogPonorogo”, in Indonesia, Number 22
Kastanis, A.,&Wilson, B. D. M. (2013). Race/Ethnicity, Gender and Socioeconomic Wellbeing of Individuals in Same-sex Couples. Williams Institute: UCLA School of Law
Kinsey, A., Pomeroy, W. & Martin, C. (1948)“Sexual Behavior in the Human Male”. Philadelphia, Pa: W.B. Saunders. 610 – 666. Retrieved from:
Klein, R. (2006). “Markova: Wartime Comfort Gay in the Philippines. Interview with Walter Dempster Jr”. Intersections. Retrieved from:
Langlois, A., Wilkinson, C., Gerber, P., & Offord, B. (2013). “Community, Identity, Orientation: Sexuality, Gender and Rights in ASEAN”. The Pacific Review, 30:5, 710-728, DOI: 10.1080/09512748.2017.1294613
Langlois, A., Wilkinson, C., Gerber, P., & Offord, B. (2017) “LGBT Rights in Southeast Asia: One Step Forward, Two-Steps Back?” IAFOR Journal of Asian Studies. Retrieved from:
Lemke, R., Tornow, T.,&PlanetRomeo.com. (2015). Gay happiness monitor: Results overview from a global survey on perceived gay-related opinion and gay well-being, Mainz: Johannes Gutenberg University
Magsambol, B. (2019) “Record Breaking: 70,000 Filipinos join Metro Manila Pride 2019.” Retrieved from:
Manalastas, E. (2015) “Anti-Discrimination Ordinances”.Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines, Diliman. Retrieved from:
Manalastas, E. J., Ojanen, T. T., Torre, B. A., Ratanashevorn, R., Hong, B. C. C., Kumaresan, V., & Veeramuthu, V. (2017). “Homonegativity in Southeast Asia: Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam”. Asia-Pacific Social Sciences Review , 17 (1), 25-33. Retrieved from:
Manalastas, E. & Torre, B. (n.d.) Social Psychological Aspects of Advocating LGBT Human Rights in the Philippines. University of the Philippines, Diliman Quezon city. Retrieved from:
Marcus, J. (2018) “5 LGBT-Friendly Cities in South-East Asia” Goats on the Road. Retrieved from:
Masci, D. & Desilver, D. (2019) “Gay Marriage Around the World” Pew Research Center. Retrieved from:
Masli, N. (2018). “Being LGBT in Indonesia, Why Attacks on the Community are Growing”.Lifegate. Retrieved from: < https://www.lifegate.com/people/news/lgbt-in-indonesia-attacks-increasing>
McCabe, Sean et al (2010)”The Relationship Between Discrimination and Substance Use Disorders Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults in the United States”. American Journal of Public Health 100, 1946_1952,https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.163147
McLaughlin, Katie A et al. “Responses to discrimination and psychiatric disorders among Black, Hispanic, female, and lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals.” American journal of public health vol. 100,8 (2010): 1477-84. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181586
Merigo, E. (2019) “In Indonesia, LGBT Communities Viewed as a Moral Threat – Condemned by Religion and, increasingly, by Law.” The South China Morning Post. Retrieved from:< https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3004634/indonesia-lgbt-community-viewed-moral-threat>
Mucherah, W., Owino, E., McCoy, K. (2016).Grappling with the Issue of Homosexuality: Perceptions,
Attitudes, and Beliefs among High School Students in Kenya. Psychology Research and Behavior
Management. Dove Press. DOI: 10.2147/PRBM.S112421. Retrieved from:
Murtagh, Ben. (2013). Genders and Sexualities in Indonesian Cinema. Construction of gay, lesbi and waria identities on screen, Routledge, New York\
National Queer Asian Pacific Islander Alliance (n.d.) “State of LGBTQ in Asian and the Pacific” National Queer Asian Pacific Islander Alliance. Retrieved from:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2012). Born free and equal: Sexual Orientation and gender identity in international human rights law, New York: United Nations
Offord, Baden. (2011). “Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia: Arrested Development!”, in Manon Tremblay, David Paternotte&Carol Johnson (eds.), The Lesbian and Gay Movement and the State. Comparative Insights into a Transformed Relationship, Ashgate, United Kingdom
Pascual, G.R. (2016) “SWARD SPEAK (GAY LINGO) IN THE PHILIPPINE CONTEXT: A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS.”International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences. ISSN: 2278-6236. Retrieved from: < http://www.garph.co.uk/IJARMSS/Dec2016/4.pdf>
Pew Research Center (2013) The Global Divide on Homosexuality: Greater Acceptance in More Secular and Affluent Countries. Pew Research Center, 1615 L St. NW Suite 800, Washington DC20036 USA. Retrieved from:
Pollack, L., Woods, W., Blair, J., & Binson, B. (2014) “Presence of an HIV Testing Program Lowers the Prevalence of Unprotected Insertive Anal Intercourse Inside a Gay Bathhouse Among HIV-Negative and HIV-Unknown Patrons”. Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services, 13:3, 306-323, DOI: 10.1080/15381501.2013.864175
Presidential Museum and Library (n.d.) “Pre-Colonial Manila”. Malacanang Palace. Retrieved from:
Psychological Association of the Philippines (2013)”Reaffirmation of Non-Discrimination of LGBT Filipinos.”Psychological Association of the Philippines. Retrieved from:
Rainbow Rights Project and Philippine LGBT Hate Crime Watch. (2012) “THE STATUS OF LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER RIGHTS IN THE PHILIPPINES: Submission to the Human Rights Council for Universal Periodic Review 13th Session”. Universal Periodic Review. Retrieved from:
Ramadhani, N.F & Parlina, I. (2016) “Anti-LGBT Rhetoric to Spike Ahead of Elections” The Jakarta Post. Retrieved from: < https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/08/12/anti-lgbt-rhetoric-spike-ahead-elections.html>
Rappler.com (2019) “How Religious Groups Clashed over LGBTQ+ Rights at Pride 2019” Rappler. Retrieved from: < https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/234350-how-religious-groups-clashed-lgbtq-rights-pride-march-2019>
Rappler.com (2019) “Look: Stars, Beauty Queens at Metro Manila Pride 2019.” Rappler. Retrieved from:
Rassool GH. (2000). The crescent and Islam: Healing, nursing and the spiritual dimensions. Some considerations towards an understanding of the Islamic perspectives on Caring in Journal AdvNurs., 32
Republic of the Philippines. Cong. “House Bill No. 4982: An Act Prohibiting Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity or Expression (SOGIE) and Providing Penalties Therefore.”17th Cong., 1st Session. Print. Quezon City, Philippines. Retrieved from:
Republic of the Philippines (1987) The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. Art. III. Bill of Rights. Retrieved from:
Reyes, R. (2018). “Same-Sex Wedding thrives in Philippines amid Opposition”. Sunstar.Com. Retrieved from:
Ricordeau. G. (2009, February). Review of “Philippine Gay Culture: Binabae to Bakla, Silahis to MSM”. Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific, Issue 19. Retrieved from:
Rivera, A. (2019) “Marikina Ordinance Upholds LGBT Community Equal Rights.” People’s Journal. Retrieved from:
Robison, J. (2002) What Percentage of the Population is Gay? Gallup Inc. Retrieved from:
Rukmana, D. (2014) “The Megacity of Jakarta: Problems, Challenges and Planning Efforts”. Indonesia’s Urban Studies. Retrieved from: < http://indonesiaurbanstudies.blogspot.com/2014/03/the-megacity-of-jakarta-problems.html>
Sanders, D. (2013). “Recognizing Same-Sex Relationships in Thailand”. CMU Journal of Law and Social Sciences, 6(1), p. 27-55
Sanders, D. (2015). “Same-sex Relationships: Moves to Recognition in Vietnam and Thailand”. Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia, 18. Retrieved from:
Sapiie, Marguerite Afra. (2018). “LGBT people viewed negatively, but accepted as Indonesian citizens”, in The Jakarta Post, January 25. Retrieved from”
Savin-Williams, Ritch C. (2005). The New Gay Teenager. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
Siker, J. (2007). Homosexuality and Religion: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881. USA
Spiegelhalter, D. (2015). “Is 10% of the Population Really Gay?” Retrieved from:
Solomon, M. & Mayer, K (2015) “Evolution of Syphilis Among Men Who Have Sex with Men”. Sexual Health 12(2) 96-102 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH1417
Tan, M.L. (2001). “Survival Through Pluralism: Emerging Gay Communities in the Philippines. Gay and Lesbian Asia: Culture, Identity, Community.” Gerard Sullivan & Peter A. Jackson (Eds.). The Haworth Press Inc. 117–142.
Tákacs, Mocsonaki&Tamás P. Tóth. (2008). “Social Exclusion of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) People in Hungary”, Research Report, Institute of Sociology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences
The Office of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer & Intersex Life.(n.d) Definitions. Vanderbilt
University, Nashville Tenessee 37240. Retrieved from:
Thin, R.N & Smith, D.M. (1976) “Some Characteristics of Homosexual Men”Sexually Transmitted Infections 1976; 52:161-164. DOI: 10.1136/sti.52.3.161
Thoreson, R. & Lee, D. (2017)”Just Let Us Be: Discrimination against LGBT Students in the Philippines.” Human Rights Watch. 50 Fifth Avenue, 34th Floor, NY 10118 – 3299 USA. Retrieved from:
Tubeza, P. (2013) PH Ranks among Most Gay-Friendly in the World.Inquirer.Net.
UCA News (2019). “Church Leaders Pan Philippine Same-Sex Union Survey”. UCA News. Retrieved from:
United Nations (2016) “The World’s Cities in 2016”. United Nations. Retrieved from:
UNDP, USAID (2014) “ Being LGBT in Asia: The Philippines Country Report” Bangkok. Retrieved from:
Waters, M. (2019).“The First Pride Marches in Photos”. Smithsonian.Com. Retrieved from:
Whitaker, B. (2011)Unspeakable Love. Gay and Lesbian Life in the Middle East. London: SAQI
Whitaker, R. (2017) “Same Sex Marriage: What Does the Bible Really Have to Say?” Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved from:
Widianto, S. (2016). “LGBT Jakartans: Worse than an Nuclear Bomb. We Just Want to be Accepte”. Jakarta. Retrieved from:< https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/nov/26/lgbt-young-jakartans-nuclear-bomb-accepted>
Wilson, Ian Douglas. 1999. “ReogPonorogo: Spirituality, Sexuality and Power in a Javanese
Performance Tradition”, in Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific, Volume 2
Yee, H.Y. (2019) “LGBT Rights in Southeast Asia: What Next” Salzburg Global Seminar. Salzburg, Austria. Retrieved from:
Yosephine, L. (2016) “Indonesian psychiatrists label LGBT as mental disorders” The Jakarta Post. Retrieved from: < https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/02/24/indonesian-psychiatrists-label-lgbt-mental-disorders.html>
Published
2020-06-30
How to Cite
JOCSON, Ellisiah Uy; ADIHARTONO, Wisnu.
A Comparative Analysis of the Status of Homosexual Men in Indonesia and the Philippines.
Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 1, p. 271-305, june 2020.
ISSN 2599-2147.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JSEAHR/article/view/12810>. Date accessed: 22 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v4i1.12810.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
