Ketidakpatuhan Sudan Selatan dalam Skema Perjanjian Internasional R-ARCSS Terkait Keterlibatan Tentara Anak dalam Angkatan Bersenjata
Abstract
This article aims to discover and understand the reasoning behind actor noncompliance with international agreements. In this case, the Government of South Sudan is not in compliance with international igreements relating to the involvement of child soldiers in the armed forces. International agreements seek to bind members to rules agreed upon by each party. This article discusses the R-ARCSS Agreement, signed by the two parties who previously clashed in the civil war in South Sudan and mediated by the UN and IGAD. This research examines the regulations that South Sudan does not comply with, especially regarding the involvement of child soldiers in the armed forces. The research question for this article is, "Why does South Sudan continue to recruit child soldiers despite having signed the R-ARCSS agreement?" This research uses qualitative methods with a noncompliance theory approach, where three variables illustrate the reasoning for South Sudan’s noncompliance with international agreements, as seen from the unclear provisions in the agreements. These give rise to multiple interpretations (ambiguity), the existence of limited capacity to comply with rules or regulations (capacity limitations), and changes in domestic conditions (temporal dimensions).
Keywords: International Agreement, Child Soldiers, Armed Force, South Sudan, Non-compliance Theory
References
Bryman, Alan, Social research methods, 4. ed ed (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2012).
Chayes, Abram & Antonia Handler Chayes, International law and international relations (Inggris: Cambridge Univesity, 2006).
———, The New Sovereignty: Compliance with International Regulatory Agreements (Harvard University Press, 1998).
Jennings, Robert & Sir Arthur Watts, Oppenheim’s International Law : Volume 1 Peace, 9th ed (Oxford University Press, 2008).
Lamont, Christopher K, Research methods in international relations, 1st edition ed (Los Angeles: Sage, 2015).
Neuman, William Lawrence, Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches, 7. ed., pearson new internat. ed ed, Pearson custom library (Harlow: Pearson, 2014).
Brownell, Gracie & Regina T Praetorius, “Experiences of former child soldiers in Africa: A qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis” (2017) 60:2 International Social Work 452–469.
Chintya, Wahyuwidi & Diah Kusumaningrum, Kegagalan Hukum Humaniter Internasional: Pemerkosaan sebagai Strategi Perang dalam Konflik Bersenjata Non-Internasional Sudan Selatan Tahun 2013-2015 (text, Universitas Gajah Mada, 2019) [unpublished].
Denoon, Riley T P et al, “Engaging non-state actors in the negotiation and implementation of international watercourse agreements: experiences and lessons learned from Canada” (2020) 45:4 Water International 311–328.
Idrus, Rahma Aatika & Hikmahanto Juwana, “Analysis on the Phenomenon of the Recruitment of Child Soldiers as a means of War Crimes in International Law (Case Study of the Recruitment by Thomas Lubanga Dyilo in Ituri Conflict, Congo)” (2019).
Kusumawardhana, Indra, “Mengapa Rezim Internasional Gagal? Analisis Legalisasi ‘Lima Poin Konsensus ASEAN’ tentang Myanmar Pasca Kudeta Militer 2021” (2022) 7:1 IP, online:.
Risnain, Muh, “Problematika Perekrutan Anak dalam Konflik Bersenjata dan Permasalahannya di Indonesia” (2015) 8:3 Fiat Justisia, online:.
Schots, M A S et al, “The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare access and utilisation in South Sudan: a cross-sectional mixed methods study” (2022) 22:1 BMC Health Serv Res 1559.
Triansyah, Zuhri & Maratun Saadah, “Pelanggaran Prinsip Kemanusiaan terhadap Tawanan Perang di Penjara Abu Ghraib Ditinjau dari Konvensi Jenewa 1949” (2022) 3:1 UPOS 01–31.
Wagner, Nobert B, “Child Soldiers” (2012) 2–23.
Yo’el, Siciliya Mardian, “Implementasi Perjanjian Internasional di Asean; Praktik di Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Singapura dalam Melaksanakan Asean Agreement on Transboundary Haze Polution” (2018) 2:1 63–90.
Aljazeera, “World’s highest child soldier numbers in West, Central Africa”, (23 November 2021), online:.
Awolich, Abraham A, “COVID-19 and the Political Transition in South Sudan” (2021) The Studd Institue 1–10.
Drazen Pehar, “Use of Ambiguities in Peace Agreements” (2001), online:.
Human Rigths Watch, “South Sudan’s New War Abuses by Government and Opposition Forces”, (7 August 2014), online:.
Humanium, “Child Soldiers”, (Oktober 2011), online: Child Soldier
International Crisis Group, Salvaging South Sudan’s Fragile Peace Deal, text, by International Crisis Group, text (International Crisis Group, 2019).
Malak, Garang, “Kiir criticised for easing Covid-19 restrictions”, The East African (10 May 2020), online:.
STIMSON, CSPA Implementation Tracker Monitoring U.S. government efforts to leverage arms sales and military assistance to prevent the recruitment and use of child soldiers (SOUTH SUDAN), text, by STIMSON, text (South Sudan: Stimson Center’s Conventional Defense Program, 2023).
UN News, “South Sudan: UNICEF warns of ‘desperation and hopelessness’ for children 10 years after independence”, UN (6 July 2021), online:.
United State Institute of Peace, South Sudan Peace Process: Key Facts Conflict in South Sudan.
Vhumbunu, Clayton Hazvine, “The Formation of the Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity in South Sudan”, Accord (20 August 2020), online:
Wuilbercq, Emeline, “Pandemic woes seen swelling global ranks of child soldiers”, Thomson Reuters Foundation (12 February 2021), online:
World Vision International, South Sudan’s hunger crisis: The Impact on Children in Armed Conflict, Child Soldier Report, by World Vision International, Child Soldier Report (South Sudan: World Vision International, 2022).
ICTJ, South Sudan. Background: Elusive Transition to Peace and Stability, by ICTJ (Transnational Justice, 2014).
R-ARCSS, Revitalised Agreement on The Resolution of The Conflict in The Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS) (IGAD, 2018).
Stamnes, Eli & Cedric de Coning, The Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS), text, by Eli Stamnes & Cedric de Coning, text (PRIO, 2022).
UN, Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (United Nations, 2000).
UN Security Council, Children and armed conflict in South Sudan Report of the Secretary-General, by UN Security Council, S/2020/1205 (South Sudan, 2020).
UNCRC, Experts of the Committee on the Rights of the Child Praise South Sudan’s Child Act, Ask about the Recruitment of Children by Government Forces and Armed Groups, and about School Feeding Schemes, News and Press Release, by UNCRC, News and Press Release (United Nations, 2022).
Chayes, Abram & Antonia Handler Chayes, International law and international relations (Inggris: Cambridge Univesity, 2006).
———, The New Sovereignty: Compliance with International Regulatory Agreements (Harvard University Press, 1998).
Jennings, Robert & Sir Arthur Watts, Oppenheim’s International Law : Volume 1 Peace, 9th ed (Oxford University Press, 2008).
Lamont, Christopher K, Research methods in international relations, 1st edition ed (Los Angeles: Sage, 2015).
Neuman, William Lawrence, Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches, 7. ed., pearson new internat. ed ed, Pearson custom library (Harlow: Pearson, 2014).
Brownell, Gracie & Regina T Praetorius, “Experiences of former child soldiers in Africa: A qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis” (2017) 60:2 International Social Work 452–469.
Chintya, Wahyuwidi & Diah Kusumaningrum, Kegagalan Hukum Humaniter Internasional: Pemerkosaan sebagai Strategi Perang dalam Konflik Bersenjata Non-Internasional Sudan Selatan Tahun 2013-2015 (text, Universitas Gajah Mada, 2019) [unpublished].
Denoon, Riley T P et al, “Engaging non-state actors in the negotiation and implementation of international watercourse agreements: experiences and lessons learned from Canada” (2020) 45:4 Water International 311–328.
Idrus, Rahma Aatika & Hikmahanto Juwana, “Analysis on the Phenomenon of the Recruitment of Child Soldiers as a means of War Crimes in International Law (Case Study of the Recruitment by Thomas Lubanga Dyilo in Ituri Conflict, Congo)” (2019).
Kusumawardhana, Indra, “Mengapa Rezim Internasional Gagal? Analisis Legalisasi ‘Lima Poin Konsensus ASEAN’ tentang Myanmar Pasca Kudeta Militer 2021” (2022) 7:1 IP, online:
Risnain, Muh, “Problematika Perekrutan Anak dalam Konflik Bersenjata dan Permasalahannya di Indonesia” (2015) 8:3 Fiat Justisia, online:
Schots, M A S et al, “The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare access and utilisation in South Sudan: a cross-sectional mixed methods study” (2022) 22:1 BMC Health Serv Res 1559.
Triansyah, Zuhri & Maratun Saadah, “Pelanggaran Prinsip Kemanusiaan terhadap Tawanan Perang di Penjara Abu Ghraib Ditinjau dari Konvensi Jenewa 1949” (2022) 3:1 UPOS 01–31.
Wagner, Nobert B, “Child Soldiers” (2012) 2–23.
Yo’el, Siciliya Mardian, “Implementasi Perjanjian Internasional di Asean; Praktik di Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Singapura dalam Melaksanakan Asean Agreement on Transboundary Haze Polution” (2018) 2:1 63–90.
Aljazeera, “World’s highest child soldier numbers in West, Central Africa”, (23 November 2021), online:
Awolich, Abraham A, “COVID-19 and the Political Transition in South Sudan” (2021) The Studd Institue 1–10.
Drazen Pehar, “Use of Ambiguities in Peace Agreements” (2001), online:
Human Rigths Watch, “South Sudan’s New War Abuses by Government and Opposition Forces”, (7 August 2014), online:
Humanium, “Child Soldiers”, (Oktober 2011), online: Child Soldier
International Crisis Group, Salvaging South Sudan’s Fragile Peace Deal, text, by International Crisis Group, text (International Crisis Group, 2019).
Malak, Garang, “Kiir criticised for easing Covid-19 restrictions”, The East African (10 May 2020), online:
STIMSON, CSPA Implementation Tracker Monitoring U.S. government efforts to leverage arms sales and military assistance to prevent the recruitment and use of child soldiers (SOUTH SUDAN), text, by STIMSON, text (South Sudan: Stimson Center’s Conventional Defense Program, 2023).
UN News, “South Sudan: UNICEF warns of ‘desperation and hopelessness’ for children 10 years after independence”, UN (6 July 2021), online:
United State Institute of Peace, South Sudan Peace Process: Key Facts Conflict in South Sudan.
Vhumbunu, Clayton Hazvine, “The Formation of the Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity in South Sudan”, Accord (20 August 2020), online:
Wuilbercq, Emeline, “Pandemic woes seen swelling global ranks of child soldiers”, Thomson Reuters Foundation (12 February 2021), online:
World Vision International, South Sudan’s hunger crisis: The Impact on Children in Armed Conflict, Child Soldier Report, by World Vision International, Child Soldier Report (South Sudan: World Vision International, 2022).
ICTJ, South Sudan. Background: Elusive Transition to Peace and Stability, by ICTJ (Transnational Justice, 2014).
R-ARCSS, Revitalised Agreement on The Resolution of The Conflict in The Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS) (IGAD, 2018).
Stamnes, Eli & Cedric de Coning, The Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS), text, by Eli Stamnes & Cedric de Coning, text (PRIO, 2022).
UN, Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (United Nations, 2000).
UN Security Council, Children and armed conflict in South Sudan Report of the Secretary-General, by UN Security Council, S/2020/1205 (South Sudan, 2020).
UNCRC, Experts of the Committee on the Rights of the Child Praise South Sudan’s Child Act, Ask about the Recruitment of Children by Government Forces and Armed Groups, and about School Feeding Schemes, News and Press Release, by UNCRC, News and Press Release (United Nations, 2022).
Published
2024-05-28
How to Cite
FITHRIA, Farah Agnis.
Ketidakpatuhan Sudan Selatan dalam Skema Perjanjian Internasional R-ARCSS Terkait Keterlibatan Tentara Anak dalam Angkatan Bersenjata.
INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL ON LAW, SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 49-65, may 2024.
ISSN 2775-5045.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/idj/article/view/47302>. Date accessed: 31 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/idj.v5i1.47302.
Section
Articles
