Regulatory Limits of Empowering Biogas Digester Integrated with Indonesia’s Local Wisdom

Abstract

This paper analyses the international and domestic regulatory framework for managing waste-to-energy in Indonesia’s rural areas to support climate mitigation. The countryside is known to be the most significant contributor to organic waste due to the high productivity of the agricultural and livestock sectors. In contrast, organic waste is left without proper management and contributes to global greenhouse gas emissions. Indonesia has agreed to contribute to the Paris Agreement to reduce emissions by 29% in 2030 or 41% with international assistance, but its follow-up to switch to renewable energy appears insufficient. This study uses a socio-legal approach to unpack the waste-to-energy problems in one of Indonesia's villages: Tawangsari Village, Pujon District, Malang Regency, East Java Province. The study results reveal that the biogas program launched by the government through the "Program BIRU" was not aligned with local conditions in Tawangsari Village because not all farmer households had sufficient land to build a fixed dome. Thus, it is necessary to build a community-based centralized biogas digester. However, there are no provisions in the regulations governing the mechanism for funding renewable energy development in villages, as mandated by Article 20(2) of the Energy Law. The village can use village funds to carry out development based on local wisdom, but the limited number of village funds causes limited growth. There are no standard rules for bio-slurry processing and maintenance of biogas digesters to ensure the sustainability management of biogas. This paper recommends enacting national and/or domestic regulations to support the energy-independent village program, aligning with the government's commitments to reduce global emissions from the agricultural and waste sectors.

Keywords: Climate Mitigation, Energy Transition, Regulations, Small-Scale Biogas.

References

Aditya, Zaka Firma & Sholahuddin Al Fatih, “The Legalization of Medical Marijuana: A Human Rights Law Perspective” (2022) 1:2 HRGS 115–127.

Ahmad Romadhoni Surya Putra, R, Zhen Liu & Mogens Lund, “The impact of biogas technology adoption for farm households – Empirical evidence from mixed crop and livestock farming systems in Indonesia” (2017) 74 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 1371–1378.

Andriani, Dian et al, “A Review of Recycling of Human Excreta to Energy through Biogas Generation: Indonesia Case” (2015) 68 Energy Procedia 219–225.

Arifin, Saru, “Abuse of Human Rights in Myanmar: An Urgent Appeal to Reinterpret the ASEAN Non-Interference Principle” (2022) 1:2 HRGS 128–144.

Ariningsih, Ening et al, “Dairy cattle manure utilization by smallholder dairy farmers in West Java, Indonesia” (2022) 361 E3S Web Conf 03013.

Badan Pusat Statistik Malang, Kecamatan Pujon Dalam Angka 2021 (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Malang, 2021).

Banakar, Reza & Max Travers, eds, Theory and method in socio-legal research, Oñati international series in law and society (Oxford ; Portland, Or: Hart Pub, 2005).

Bedi, Arjun S, Robert Sparrow & Luca Tasciotti, “Indonesia’s Domestic Biogas Programme – Household panel survey data” (2018) 17 Data in Brief 1388–1390.

———, “The impact of a household biogas programme on energy use and expenditure in East Java” (2017) 68 Energy Economics 66–76.

Böhringer, Christoph, Jared C Carbone & Thomas F Rutherford, “Embodied Carbon Tariffs” (2018) 120:1 Scand J of Economics 183–210.

Bößner, Stefan et al, “Barriers and opportunities to bioenergy transitions: An integrated, multi-level perspective analysis of biogas uptake in Bali” (2019) 122 Biomass and Bioenergy 457–465.

Buana, Mirza Satria et al, “The Nusantara Capital City Project: Why Development and Human Rights Do Not Always Mix” (2023) 16:1 Law and Development Review 185–223.

Cahyono, Budi, National Energy Policy in Indonesia and It’s Alignment to Sustainable Development Goals 7 (SDG7) And Paris Agreement (NDC) (Bangkok, 2019).

Catyanadika, Putra Endi, “Optimasi Lokasi Instalasi Digester Biogas Skala Komunitas Desa Pudak Wetan Ponorogo” (2020) 10:2 Forum Agribisnis : Agribusiness Forum 106–117.

Farahdiba, Aulia Ulfah et al, “The present and proposed sustainable food waste treatment technology in Indonesia: A review” (2023) 32 Environmental Technology & Innovation 103256.

Fitryantica, Agnes, “Harmonisasi Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Indonesia melalui Konsep Omnibus Law” (2019) 6:3 GK 300–316.

Honegger, Matthias & David Reiner, “The political economy of negative emissions technologies: consequences for international policy design” (2018) 18:3 Climate Policy 306–321.

Indrawan, Natarianto et al, “The biogas development in the Indonesian power generation sector” (2018) 25 Environmental Development 85–99.

Junaedi, M F Shellyana, “Pengaruh Kesadaran Lingkungan Pada Niat Beli Produk Hijau: Studi Perilaku Konsumen Berwawasan Lingkungan” (2005) 9:2.

Khalil, Munawar et al, “Waste to energy technology: The potential of sustainable biogas production from animal waste in Indonesia” (2019) 105 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 323–331.

Lesmana, I Putu Dody & Beni Widiawan, “Small Scale Biogas Production in a Dairy Farming at Kaligondo Sub-district, Banyuwangi, East Java” (2018) Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on Food and Agriculture.

Listiningrum, Prischa et al, “Juridical analysis of policy concerning oil palm estate management in Indonesia” (2021) 29:1 LJIH 16–26.

L Darmawan, “‘Open Dumping’ Sampah Harus Segera Ditinggalkan, Bagaimana Langkahnya?”, (22 February 2019), online: MONGABAY .

Masripatin, Nur, Strategi Implementasi NDC (Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), (Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, 2017).

Mehling, Michael A et al, “Designing Border Carbon Adjustments for Enhanced Climate Action” (2019) 113:3 Am j int law 433–481.

M A Hamad, Ahmed, Jacklyn Jannial & Rachma Indriyani, “Mechanisms of the Legal Protection of Human Rights in Global Regulation” (2022) 1:2 HRGS 145–157.

Nur, Asrul Ibrahim, “Human Rights Aspect in the Indonesian Energy Transition: The Challenges of Promoting the Right to a Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment” (2022) 1:2 HRGS 102–114.

Pratiwi, Cekli Setya, Prischa Listiningrum & Muhammad Anis Zhafran Al Anwary, “Critiques on Contemporary Discourse of International Human Rights Law: a Global South Perspective” (2022) 1:1 HRGS 1–12.

Putra, Ahmad Romadhoni Surya, Søren Marcus Pedersen & Zhen Liu, “Biogas diffusion among small scale farmers in Indonesia: An application of duration analysis” (2019) 86 Land Use Policy 399–405.

Rosyidi, Sri Atmaja P et al, “Lessons Learnt from the Energy Needs Assessment Carried out for the Biogas Program for Rural Development in Yogyakarta, Indonesia” (2014) 20 Procedia Environmental Sciences 20–29.

Siddiqua, Ayesha, John N Hahladakis & Wadha Ahmed K A Al-Attiya, “An overview of the environmental pollution and health effects associated with waste landfilling and open dumping” (2022) 29:39 Environ Sci Pollut Res 58514–58536.

Silaen, Mariana et al, “Lessons from Bali for small-scale biogas development in Indonesia” (2020) 35 Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 445–459.

Situmeang, Ricardo, Jana Mazancová & Hynek Roubík, “Technological, Economic, Social and Environmental Barriers to Adoption of SmallScale Biogas Plants: Case of Indonesia” (2022) 15:14 Energies 5105.

Sugiyono, Metode penelitian pendidikan: (pendekatan kuantitatif, kualitatif dan R & D) (Bandung: Alfabeta, 2008).

Suhartini, Sri et al, “Food waste to bioenergy: current status and role in future circular economies in Indonesia” (2022) 7:4 Energ Ecol Environ 297–339.

Suhartini, Sri et al, Laporan Kegiatan Program Dosen Berkarya Konsultasi dan Fasilitas Kajian Potensi Pengembangan Circular Economy Biogas Menuju Desa Mandiri Energi (Studi Kasus di Desa Tawangsari Kecamatan Pujon di Kabupaten Malang), Final Report (Kabupaten
Malang: Universitas Brawijaya, 2021).

Tang, Kuok Ho Daniel, “Climate change in Malaysia: Trends, contributors, impacts, mitigation and adaptations” (2019) 650 Science of The Total Environment 1858–1871.

Tufaner, Fatih & Yaşar Avşar, “Economic analysis of biogas production from small scale anaerobic digestion systems for cattle manure” (2019) 2 Environmental Research.

Wasajja, Henry et al, “Improvement of Biogas Quality and Quantity for Small-Scale Biogas-Electricity Generation Application in off-Grid Settings: A Field-Based Study” (2021) 14:11 Energies 3088.
Published
2023-09-02
How to Cite
LISTININGRUM, Prischa et al. Regulatory Limits of Empowering Biogas Digester Integrated with Indonesia’s Local Wisdom. Lentera Hukum, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 2, p. 163-190, sep. 2023. ISSN 2621-3710. Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/ejlh/article/view/37210>. Date accessed: 27 july 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v10i2.37210.

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Obs.: This plugin requires at least one statistics/report plugin to be enabled. If your statistics plugins provide more than one metric then please also select a main metric on the admin's site settings page and/or on the journal manager's settings pages.