Changing Dynamics of Constitutionalism
South Asia's Tryst with Constitution
Abstract
The prevailing view of the constitutional framework in South Asia is seen as secondary and subsidiary to developed constitutional systems worldwide. Meanwhile, South Asian countries have merely re-produced the constitutional framework of developed nations. The emergence and development of South Asian constitutionalism present a range of perspectives and methodological approaches that contribute to comparative constitutional law scholarship in South Asia. The overt attention toward the Western notion of liberalism has often led to an incomplete and unclear approach to South Asian constitutionalism. The paper aimed to explore the elements of South Asian constitutionalism alongside underlying socio-economic and political discourse surrounding its contemporary understanding. It also analyzed the role of courts in affirming and transforming South Asian constitutionalism. Instead of reviving interest in South Asia and Third World Approach to International Law, this paper showed that it is only practical and pragmatic to study constitutionalism with specific reference to the modern discourse of democracy, judicial review, separation of power, and human rights enshrined in their respective constitutions. In terms of its emergence from the colonial history and other prevalent forms of distinct cultural, social, and political practices, South Asia presented a heterogeneous experience in the light of recognition and enforcement of socio-economic rights and transformations and deviations from its past experiences.
Keywords: Comparative Constitutional Law, Constitutionalism, South Asia.
References
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Bellamy, R, Political Constitutionalism: A Republican Defence of the Constitutionality of Democracy (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
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Elster, Jon, "Forces and Mechanisms in the Constitution-Making Process" (1995) 45:2 Duke Law Journal 368–9.
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J Wickramaratne, Fundamental Rights in Sri Lanka (Stamford Lake Publication, 2012).
Jeffrey A Redding, "Constitutionalizing Islam: Theory and Pakistan" (2003) 44:3 Virginia Journal of International Law 759–828.
K Ahmad, A Socio-Political History of Bengal and the Birth of Bangladesh, 4th ed (Dacca: Zahiruddin Mahmud Inside Library, 1975).
K Hossain, Bangladesh: Quest for Freedom and Justice (Dhaka: University Press Limited, 2013).
Keith, AB, A Constitutional History of India 1600–1935 (Pacific Publication: Pacific Publication, 1937).
Kevin YL Tan & Ridwanul Hoque, eds, South Asian Constitutional Founding: Beyond History (Hart Publishing, 2021).
Khilnani, Sunil, Vikram Raghavan & Arun K Thiruvengadam, eds, Comparative Constitutionalism in South Asia (Oxford University Press, 2013).
Komireddy, KS, Malevolent Republic: A Short History of the New India (Chennai: Context, 2019).
Kumarasingham, H, Constitution-Making in Asia: Decolonisation and StateBuilding in the Aftermath of the British Empire (London: Routledge, 2016).
Kumarasingham, H, "Written Differently: A Survey of Commonwealth Constitutional History in the Age of Decolonisation" (2018) 46:5 Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 874–908.
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Llewellyn, KN, "The Constitution as an Institution" (1934) 14:1 Columbia Law Review 108–130.
M E Haque, "Formation of the Constitution and the Legal System in Bangladesh: From 1971 to 1972: A Critical Legal Analysis" (2016) 27:1 Dhaka University Law Journal 41–56.
Marasinghe, Constitutionalism: A Broader Perspective (Colombo, 2004).
Marasinghe, Lakshman, The Evolution of Constitutional Governance in Sri Lanka, (Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publications, 2007).
Matthew J Nelson, "Islamic Law in an Islamic State: What Role for Parliament" in Constitutional Writing, Religion and Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017) 235.
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Mohammad Waseem, "Constitutionalism and Extra-Constitutionalism in Pakistan" in Unstable Constitutionalism: Law and Politics in South Asia Mark Tushnet Madhav Khosla (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).
Mohammad Waseem, "Constitutionalism in Pakistan: The Changing Patterns of Diarchy" in Conflict, Power, and the Landscape of Constitutionalism (London: Routledge, 2008) 223.
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Osama Siddique, "The Judicialization of Politics in Pakistan: The Supreme Court after the Lawyers' Movement" in Unstable Constitutional Law Politics of South Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).
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Perera, Binendri, "People's Movements as a Strand of Popular Constitutionalism: Driving Forces, Distinctive Features, and Dilemmas" (2020) 29:2 Washington International Law Journal 341.
Pinto-Jayawardena, Kishali & Lisa Kois, "Sri Lanka: The Right Not to be Tortured: A Critical Analysis of the Judicial Response" (2009) 9 Colombo.
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Silva, HL, Sri Lanka: A Nation in Conflict: Threats to Sovereignty, Territorial Integrity, Democratic Governance and Peace (Visidunu Prakashakayo, 2012).
Singh, MP, Outlines of Indian Legal and Constitutional History, 8th edn ed (Universal Law Publishing, 2006).
Sisson, R & LE Rose, War, and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990).
Sturm, Douglas, “Constitutionalism: A Critical Appreciation and an Extension of the Political Theory of C.H McIlwain” (1969) 54:125 Minnesota Law Review 216–244.
Surya P Subedi, Human Rights and Constitutionalism in Nepal (2019).
Syed Jaffar Ahmed, Constitutionalism: Theory and Issues from Pakistan’s Perspective (2017).
Tushnet, Mark, “Varieties of Constitutionalism” (2016) 14:1 International Journal of Constitutional Law 1–5.
Tushnet, Mark & Madhav Khosla, Unstable Constitutionalism Law and Politics in South Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).
U Mehta, “Constitutionalism” in Oxford Companion to Politics in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011) 16.
Waldron, Jeremy, Constitutionalism: A Skeptical View (Scholarship@Georgetown Law, 2010).
Welikala, Asanga, “Constitutional Reforms in Sri Lanka – More Drift?” (2019) 108:6 The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs 605–612.
Zhu G & Kouruntakis, “The Role of the Judiciary and the Supreme Court in The Constitution-Making Process: The Case of Nepal” (2009) 55:1 Stanford Journal of International Law 69–82.
Zubair Abbasi, “Islamic Constitutionalism in Pakistan: Is it Theocratic?”, Islam Law Blog (August 13, 2020), online:
Adhikari, D, Nepal's Road to Federalism: From the Perspective of Grassroots Democracy (Kathmandu: RTI International, 2020).
Ahilan Kadirgamar, "Polarization, Civil War, and Persistent Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka,"Carnegie Endow Int Peace (August 18,2020), online:
Ahmed, Mushtaq, Government and Politics in Pakistan (Karachi: Space Publishers, 1970).
Alam, Shah, "The State-Religion Amendment to the Constitution of Bangladesh: A Critique" (1991) 24:2 Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America 209–225.
Alavi, Hamza, "Authoritarianism and Legitimation of State Power in Pakistan" in Postcolonial State South Asia (London: Harvester-Wheatsheaf, 1990).
Alavi, Hamza, Constitutional Changes and the Dynamics of Political Development in Pakistan (London: Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London, 1973).
Archibald, WAJ, Outlines of Indian Constitutional History London (British period) (London: P.S. King & Son Ltd, 1926).
ARM Imtiyaz& Ben Stavis, "Ethno-Political Conflict in Sri-Lanka" (2008) 25:2 Journal of Third World Studies 135–52.
Arun K Thiruvengadam, Kevin Y L Tan, & Ridwanul Hoque, "India's Constitutional Founding: An Enriching but Mixed Legacy"in Constitutional Foundings in South Asia (Hart Publishing, 2021).
Baxter, Bangladesh: A New Nation in an Old Setting (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1984).
Bellamy, R, Political Constitutionalism: A Republican Defence of the Constitutionality of Democracy (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
Bhandari, S, Self-Determination & Constitution Making in Nepal (London: Springer, 2014).
Bidyut Chakrabarty, Indian Politics and Society Since Independence (Canada & U. S. A: Routledge, 2008).
Blood, AK, The Cruel Birth of Bangladesh: The Memoirs of an American Diplomat (Dhaka: University Press Limited, 2002).
C H Mc Ilwain, Constitutionalism Ancient and Modern (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1940).
Callard, Keith, Pakistan: A Political Study (London: Allen & Unwin, 1958).
Chatterji, AP, TB Hansen & C Jaffrelot, Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism is Changing India (New Delhi: Harper Collins, 2019).
Cheema, Moeen H, "The 'Chaudhry Court': Deconstructing the "Judicialization of Politics" (2016) 25:3 Washington International Law Journal 447.
Chen, Albert HY, "Pathways of Western liberal constitutional development in Asia: A comparative study of five major nations" (2010) 8:4 International Journal of Constitutional Law 849–884.
Chowdhury, SR, The Genesis of Bangladesh, 4th edn ed (New Delhi: Asia Publishing House, 1972).
Cooray, LJM, Constitutional Government in Sri Lanka 1796-1977 (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Colombo, 1984).
Cooray, MJA, Judicial Role under the Constitutions of Ceylon/Sri Lanka An Historical and Comparative Study University of London, 1982).
Cornelius, Alvin R, Law and Judiciary in Pakistan (Lahore Law Times Publications, 1981).
David Pimentel, "Judicial Independence at Crossroads: Grappling with Ideology and History in the New Nepali Constitution" (2011) 21:2 Indiana International Comparative Law Review.
De Smith, Stanley A, The New Commonwealth and Its Constitutions (London: Stevens, 1964).
Dressel, Björn & Marco Bünte, "Constitutional Politics in Southeast Asia: From Contestation to Constitutionalism?" (2014) 36:1 Contemporary Southeast Asia 1–22.
Dreze & A Sen, India: An Uncertain Glory and Its Contradictions (London: Penguin, 2014).
Edrisinha, R & A Jayakody, eds, The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution: Substance and Process (Colombo: CPA, 2011).
Elster, Jon, "Forces and Mechanisms in the Constitution-Making Process" (1995) 45:2 Duke Law Journal 368–9.
Galligan, DJ & M Versteeg, eds, Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).
HM Zafrullah, Sri Lanka's Hybrid Presidential and Parliamentary System & Separation of Powers Doctrine (Malaysia: University of Malaya Press, 1981).
Hasnaat Malik, "Isa writes dissenting note to SC's February 11 order", Express Trib (February 21, 2021), online:
Hasnaat Malik, "SC offers guidelines for dissenting judges," Express Trib (February 23, 2021), online:
Hensman, Rohini, "Independent Judiciary and Rule of Law: Demolished in Sri Lanka" (2013) 48:9 Economic and Political Weekly 16–19.
Hirschl, Ran, "The Judicialization of Mega-Politics and the Rise of Political Courts" (2008) 11 Annual Review of Political Science 93–118.
Hoque, Ridwanul, "Eternal Provisions in the Constitution of Bangladesh: A Constitution Once and For All?" in Unamendable Constitution? Un Unamendability in Constitutional Democracy (Cham: Springer, 2018)
195.
Hoque, Ridwanul, "Constitutional Positioning of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh" in Supreme Court Day Book (Dhaka: Supreme Court of Bangladesh, 2018).
Hoque, Ridwanul, "Inclusive Constitutionalism and the Indigenous People of the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh" in Indian Yearbook of Comparative Law 2016 (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2017).
Iskandar, Pranoto, "Indigenizing Constitutionalism: A Critical Reading of Asian Constitutionalism" (2018) 5:1 Indonesian Journal of International and Comparative Law 3–42.
Ivan, Victor, An Unfinished Struggle: An Investigative Exposure of Sri Lanka's Judiciary and the Chief Justice (Maharagama, 2007).
J Wickramaratne, Fundamental Rights in Sri Lanka (Stamford Lake Publication, 2012).
Jeffrey A Redding, "Constitutionalizing Islam: Theory and Pakistan" (2003) 44:3 Virginia Journal of International Law 759–828.
K Ahmad, A Socio-Political History of Bengal and the Birth of Bangladesh, 4th ed (Dacca: Zahiruddin Mahmud Inside Library, 1975).
K Hossain, Bangladesh: Quest for Freedom and Justice (Dhaka: University Press Limited, 2013).
Keith, AB, A Constitutional History of India 1600–1935 (Pacific Publication: Pacific Publication, 1937).
Kevin YL Tan & Ridwanul Hoque, eds, South Asian Constitutional Founding: Beyond History (Hart Publishing, 2021).
Khilnani, Sunil, Vikram Raghavan & Arun K Thiruvengadam, eds, Comparative Constitutionalism in South Asia (Oxford University Press, 2013).
Komireddy, KS, Malevolent Republic: A Short History of the New India (Chennai: Context, 2019).
Kumarasingham, H, Constitution-Making in Asia: Decolonisation and StateBuilding in the Aftermath of the British Empire (London: Routledge, 2016).
Kumarasingham, H, "Written Differently: A Survey of Commonwealth Constitutional History in the Age of Decolonisation" (2018) 46:5 Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 874–908.
Landau, David & Rosalind Dixon, Abusive Constitutional Borrowing: Legal Globalization and the Subversion of Liberal Democracy (Oxford Scholarship Online, 2021).
Llewellyn, KN, "The Constitution as an Institution" (1934) 14:1 Columbia Law Review 108–130.
M E Haque, "Formation of the Constitution and the Legal System in Bangladesh: From 1971 to 1972: A Critical Legal Analysis" (2016) 27:1 Dhaka University Law Journal 41–56.
Marasinghe, Constitutionalism: A Broader Perspective (Colombo, 2004).
Marasinghe, Lakshman, The Evolution of Constitutional Governance in Sri Lanka, (Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publications, 2007).
Matthew J Nelson, "Islamic Law in an Islamic State: What Role for Parliament" in Constitutional Writing, Religion and Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017) 235.
Md Rizwanul Islam, "The Lack of Dissent in Judgments," Dly Star (October 10, 2017), online:
Mohammad Waseem, "Constitutionalism and Extra-Constitutionalism in Pakistan" in Unstable Constitutionalism: Law and Politics in South Asia Mark Tushnet Madhav Khosla (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).
Mohammad Waseem, "Constitutionalism in Pakistan: The Changing Patterns of Diarchy" in Conflict, Power, and the Landscape of Constitutionalism (London: Routledge, 2008) 223.
Nirupama Subramanian, "Explained: Sri Lanka's coming constitutional changes and why its Tamil polity is worried," Indian Express (September 13, 2020), online:
Osama Siddique, "The Judicialization of Politics in Pakistan: The Supreme Court after the Lawyers' Movement" in Unstable Constitutional Law Politics of South Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).
Oscar Vilhena Vieira, Upendra Baxi, & Frans Viljoen, Transformative constitutionalism : comparing the apex courts of Brazil, India and South Africa (Pretoria University Law Press, 2013).
Perera, Binendri, "People's Movements as a Strand of Popular Constitutionalism: Driving Forces, Distinctive Features, and Dilemmas" (2020) 29:2 Washington International Law Journal 341.
Pinto-Jayawardena, Kishali & Lisa Kois, "Sri Lanka: The Right Not to be Tortured: A Critical Analysis of the Judicial Response" (2009) 9 Colombo.
Rainer Grote & Tilmann Röder, Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries: Between Upheaval and Continuity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).
Rao, BS, The Framing of India's Constitution (Universal Law Publishing, 1967).
Ram Kumar Bhandari, "Nepal: Politicisation of the Supreme Court and its Impact on Justice Process in Transition," Justiceinfo.net (May 22, 2017), online:
Ram Kumar Kamat, "Path to NA, Cabinet cleared for Gautam," The Himalayan (November 12, 2020), online:
Roger Scruton, A Dictionary of Political Thought (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1982).
Roshan de Silva Wijeyeratne, Nation, Constitutionalism and Buddhism in Sri Lanka (London: Routledge, 2014).
Roshan de Silva Wijeyeratne, "Dominion Status, and Compromised Foundations: The Soulbury Constitution and Sinhalese Buddhist Nationalist Responses to the Founding of Ceylonese State, 1931-1956" in Constitutional Foundings in South Asia (Hart Publishing, 2021).
Sanjay Ruparelia, "Modi’s Saffron Democracy,” Dissent (2019), online:
Silva, HL, Sri Lanka: A Nation in Conflict: Threats to Sovereignty, Territorial Integrity, Democratic Governance and Peace (Visidunu Prakashakayo, 2012).
Singh, MP, Outlines of Indian Legal and Constitutional History, 8th edn ed (Universal Law Publishing, 2006).
Sisson, R & LE Rose, War, and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990).
Sturm, Douglas, “Constitutionalism: A Critical Appreciation and an Extension of the Political Theory of C.H McIlwain” (1969) 54:125 Minnesota Law Review 216–244.
Surya P Subedi, Human Rights and Constitutionalism in Nepal (2019).
Syed Jaffar Ahmed, Constitutionalism: Theory and Issues from Pakistan’s Perspective (2017).
Tushnet, Mark, “Varieties of Constitutionalism” (2016) 14:1 International Journal of Constitutional Law 1–5.
Tushnet, Mark & Madhav Khosla, Unstable Constitutionalism Law and Politics in South Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).
U Mehta, “Constitutionalism” in Oxford Companion to Politics in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011) 16.
Waldron, Jeremy, Constitutionalism: A Skeptical View (Scholarship@Georgetown Law, 2010).
Welikala, Asanga, “Constitutional Reforms in Sri Lanka – More Drift?” (2019) 108:6 The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs 605–612.
Zhu G & Kouruntakis, “The Role of the Judiciary and the Supreme Court in The Constitution-Making Process: The Case of Nepal” (2009) 55:1 Stanford Journal of International Law 69–82.
Zubair Abbasi, “Islamic Constitutionalism in Pakistan: Is it Theocratic?”, Islam Law Blog (August 13, 2020), online:
Published
2022-04-30
How to Cite
TRIPATHI, Neha; KUMAR, Anubhav.
Changing Dynamics of Constitutionalism.
Lentera Hukum, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 1, p. 1-32, apr. 2022.
ISSN 2621-3710.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/ejlh/article/view/28564>. Date accessed: 27 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v9i1.28564.
Section
Articles
