Power Sharing and Zoning Formula for Managing Nigeria's Diversity
A Case of the Fourth Republic
Abstract
Nigeria is composed of plural and multi-complex societies with multiple ethnic groups of up to 500 cultural diversities. This country surmounts the obstacles of managing diversity through an informal setting popularly identified as a zoning formula and power sharing among the federating units. The pattern and trend in which the practice maintains Nigeria's diversity is a good lesson for a study of plural societies and consociationalism. The study aimed to examine the nature and dimension of zoning formula and power sharing in Nigeria and analyze how the strategies of zoning formula and power sharing helped manage diversity in Nigeria. The study was identified as a descriptive qualitative method that sought to describe Nigeria's strategy for managing diversity. The study uncovered that power sharing and zoning consist of constitutional and unconstitutional ones, with the former supported by legal provisions. Simultaneously, the latter is designed based on principles and gentleman agreements. The study recommended that constitutional provisions should never be sacrificed on the altar of the personal elite agreement. Instead, sharing power through zoning should be retained to prevent suicide for credibility and competency. It is a plausible shock absorber that will continue to sustain Nigerian federalism, and other plural societies can borrow this model as a political means of resolving diversities.
Keywords: Consociationalism, Constitution, Nigeria.
References
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Allison McCulloch, “The Track Records of Centripetalism in Deeply Divided Societies” in Joanne McEvoy, ed, Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Societies (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013).
Arend Lijphart, “Consociational Democracy” (2011) 21:2 World Politics: A Quarterly Journal of International Relations 205–207.
Ayo Awopeju, Olufemi Adelusi, & Ajinde Oluwashakin, “Zoning Formula and the Party Politics in Nigerian Democracy: A Crossroad for PDP in 2015 Presidential Election” (2012) 2:4 Research on Humanities and Social Sciences 11–19.
Brighid Brooks Kelly, Power-Sharing and Consociational Theory (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019).
Babayo Sule, Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani, & Bakri Mat, “Opposition Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria: Examining All Progressives Congress (APC) in the 2015 General Elections” (2018) 21:4 Tamkang Journal of International Affairs 81–112.
Babayo Sule, Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani, & Bakri Mat, “Political Behaviour and Voting Pattern in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic: The Case of 2015 Presidential Election” (2017) 4:4 Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences 1–13.
Bassey A Okon et al., "States and Local Government Areas Creation as a Strategy of National Integration or Disintegration in Nigeria” (2013) 3:1 Journal of Educational and Social Research 237–245.
Bernard Grofman, “Electoral Rules and Ethnic Representation and Accommodation: Combining Social Choice and Electoral Systems Perspectives” in Joanne McEvoy, ed, Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Societies (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013).
Brendan O’Leary, “Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Societies: An Advocate’s Introduction” in Joanne McEvoy, ed, Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Societies (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013).
Carl A Le Van, “Power Sharing and Inclusive Politics in Africa’s Uncertain Democracies” (2010) 24:1 Governance 31–53.
Carl A Le Van, Dictators and Democracy in Nigeria: The Political Economy of Good Governance in Nigeria (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015).
Chandra Lekha Sriram, Peace as Governance, Power Sharing, Armed Groups and Contemporary Peace Negotiations (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).
Daniel Bochsler & Andreas Juon, “Power-sharing and the quality of democracy” (2021) 13:4 European Political Science Review 411–430.
Daniel J Elazar, “Federalism and Consociational Regimes” (1985) 15:2 Publius: The Journal of Federalism 17–34.
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Dele Adetoye, “The Nigerian Elite and State Creation: The Creation of False Ethnic Dichotomies for Self Aggrandisement” (2016) 16:1 Global Journal of Human Social Science: Political Science.
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J Bayo Adekanye, Power Sharing in Multi-Ethnic Political System (Geneva: UN Research Institute for Social Development, 1997).
John P Mackintosh, “Federalism in Nigeria” (1962) 10:3 Politics.
Jonas B Bunte & Laura Thaut Vinson, “Local power-sharing institutions and interreligious violence in Nigeria” (2016) 53:1 Journal of Peace Research 49–65.
John W Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (California: Sage Publication, 2014).
Larry Diamond, Class Ethnicity and Democracy in Nigeria: The Failure of the First Republic (London: Macmillan Press, 1995).
Ladipo Adamolekun L, “Introduction: Federalism in Nigeria” (1991) 21:4 Publius: The Journal of Federalism.
Lateef Oluwafemi Buhari, “Separatist Agitation and Quest for State Police in Nigeria” (2018) 3:3 European Journal of Social Sciences Studies (European Journal of Social Sciences Studies) 249–262.
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Matthijs Bogaards, “Consociationalism and Centripetalism: Friends or Foes?” (2019) 25:4 Swiss Political Science Review 519–537.
Musa Abdullahi Sakanko & Joseph David, “The Effect of Democratic Zoning System on Nigeria Economy: Evidence of Niger State” (2018) 17:1 Etikonomi 25–36.
Ladipo Adamolekun L, “Introduction: Federalism in Nigeria” (1991) 21:4 Publius: The Journal of Federalism.
Lateef Oluwafemi Buhari, “Separatist Agitation and Quest for State Police in Nigeria” (2018) 3:3 European Journal of Social Sciences Studies (European Journal of Social Sciences Studies) 249–262.
Leo Sobechi, "Power Sharing Schemes Worsen APC's Zoning Confusion," The Guardian Newspaper (18 April 2021), online:
Ladipo Adamolekun L, “Introduction: Federalism in Nigeria” (1991) 21:4 Publius: The Journal of Federalism.
Lateef Oluwafemi Buhari, “Separatist Agitation and Quest for State Police in Nigeria” (2018) 3:3 European Journal of Social Sciences Studies (European Journal of Social Sciences Studies) 249–262.
Leo Sobechi, "Power Sharing Schemes Worsen APC's Zoning Confusion," The Guardian Newspaper (18 April 2021), online:
Matthijs Bogaards, “Consociationalism and Centripetalism: Friends or Foes?” (2019) 25:4 Swiss Political Science Review 519–537.
Musa Abdullahi Sakanko & Joseph David, “The Effect of Democratic Zoning System on Nigeria Economy: Evidence of Niger State” (2018) 17:1 Etikonomi 25–36.
Matthijs Bogaards, “Consociationalism and Centripetalism: Friends or Foes?” (2019) 25:4 Swiss Political Science Review 519–537.
Musa Abdullahi Sakanko & Joseph David, “The Effect of Democratic Zoning System on Nigeria Economy: Evidence of Niger State” (2018) 17:1 Etikonomi 25–36.
Merriam B Sharan, Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (San Francisco: Wiley & Sons, 2009).
Micheal Peel, A Swamp Full of Dollars: Pipelines and Paramilitaries at Nigeria’s Oil Frontier (USA: Lawrence Hill Books).
Nic Cheeseman, Eloise Bertrand, & Sa’eed Hussaini, A Dictionary of African Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019).
Nenad Stojanovic, “Democracy, Ethnocracy and Consociational Democracy” (2019) 41:1 International Political Science Review.
Nsembe Edward Lenshie, “Ties that Bind and Differences that Divide: Exploring the Resurgence of Ethno-Cultural Identity in Nigeria” (2014) 13:2 Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (Council for the Development of Social Science Research in
Africa) 153–212.
Nenad Stojanovic, “Democracy, Ethnocracy and Consociational Democracy” (2019) 41:1 International Political Science Review.
Nsembe Edward Lenshie, “Ties that Bind and Differences that Divide: Exploring the Resurgence of Ethno-Cultural Identity in Nigeria” (2014) 13:2 Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (Council for the Development of Social Science Research in
Africa) 153–212.
Nenad Stojanovic, “Democracy, Ethnocracy and Consociational Democracy” (2019) 41:1 International Political Science Review.
Nsembe Edward Lenshie, “Ties that Bind and Differences that Divide: Exploring the Resurgence of Ethno-Cultural Identity in Nigeria” (2014) 13:2 Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (Council for the Development of Social Science Research in
Africa) 153–212.
Okwudiba Nnoli, Ethnic Politics in Nigeria (Onitsha: Fourth Dimension Publishers, 1987).
Olusegun Adeniyi, Power, Politics, and Death: A Front-Row Account of Nigeria Under President Yar’adua (London: Prestige Publishers, 2010).
Okonkwo C Eze, Alexander Elimian, & Uchenna G Chinwuba, “The Politics of State Creation and National Integration in Nigeria” (2015) 8:1 Journal of Politics and Law 113–121.
Okpu Ugbana, “Nigeria’s Dilemma: Development or New States” (1988) 38:2 Italian Institute for African Orientation 183–203.
Raphael Chijioke Njoku, “Consociationalism: its Relevance for Nigeria” (2007) 5:2 Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 1–35.
Richard Joseph, Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria (New York: Cambridge, 1997).
Robert Bogden & Biklen Sari Knopp, Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theories and Methods, 1st ed (Boston: Pearson Education, 2007).
Remond Alexandra, “Power-sharing in Africa: Does It Still Have a Role to Play?” (2015) 1:1 E-International Relations 1–8.
Rotimi T Suberu, “Federalism in Africa: The Nigerian Experience in Comparative Perspective” (2009) 8:1 Ethnopolitics 67–86.
———, “The Nigerian Federal System: Performance, Problems, and Prospects” (2010) 28:4 Journal of Contemporary African Studies 459– 477.
———, “The Struggles for New States in Nigeria: 1976-1990” (1991) 90:361 African Affairs 499–522.
Ruby B Andeweg, “Consociational Democracy” (2000) 3:1 Annual Review of Political Science 509–536.
Scott Gates & Kaare Strom, Power Sharing and Civil Conflict (Centre for the Study of Civil War PRIC, CSCW Policy Brief (Centre for the Study of Civil War PRIC, 2008).
Siri Aas Rustad, Power-sharing Agreements, Negotiations and Peace Processes (Oslo: Center for the Study of Civil War, 2008).
Staffan I Lindberg, Democracy and Elections in Africa (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2006).
Sa’id Adejumobi, “Introduction” in Sa’id Adejumobi, ed, Governance and Politics in Post-Military Nigeria: Changes and Challenges (New York: Palgrave Macmillan) 1.
Scott Gates et al., "Power Sharing, Protection and Peace" (2016) 78:2 The Journal of Politics 1119–1215.
Siri Aas Rustad, “Between War and Peace: 50 years of Power-sharing in Nigeria” (2008) 6:1 Centre for the Study of Civil War 1–5.
TA Olaiya et al., "Rethinking Zoning Formula as Political Panacea for Ethnic Conflict and Governance Crisis in Nigeria" (2014) 4:26 Research on Humanities and Social Sciences 1–14.
Usman Sambo & Babayo Sule, “Local Government Autonomy and InterGovernmental Relations in Contemporary Nigeria" in IO Aransi et al., eds, Contemporary Issues in Nigerian Public Administration: A Festschrift in Honor of Professor Barrister Ishaq Isola Omoleke (Ile Ife: Department of Public Administration Obafemi Awolowo University, 2020) 617.
Uwomano Benjamin Okpevra, “A Critique for Nigerian Federalism and Need for Restructuring Towards Achieving Vision 2030” (2021) 1:1 Fudan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 265–284.
Uma Sekaran & Roger Bougie, Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach, 1st ed (India: John Wiley & Sons, 2013).
Uyilawa Usuanlele & Bonny Ibhawoh, Minority Rights and the National Question in Nigeria, 1st ed (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017).
Virginia Braun & Victoria Clarke, Successful Qualitative Research: Practical Guide for Beginners, 1st ed (New Delhi: Pearson Education Inc, 2013).
Victor E Ita, Ebong Itoro E, & Tonye Inimo-Etele, “Restructuring Nigerian Federalism: A Prognosis Nation-Building and SocioPolitical Stability” (2019) 5:1 Journal of Political Science and Leadership Research 1–18.
Wale Adebanwi & Ebenezer Obadare, Democracy and Prebendelism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations, 1st ed (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
Wouter Veenendaal & Leila Demarest, “How Population Size Affects Power-Sharing: a Comparison of Nigeria and Suriname” (2021) 27:3 Contemporary Politics 271–291.
Yahaya T Baba, “Power Sharing and the Implications for Democratic Governance in Nigeria: The Case of National Assembly (1999-2011” (2017) 8:4 Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 111–121.
Yahaya Yakubu, “Consociational Power Sharing and Political Equality in Nigeria: What Role for Federal Character Principle?” (2018) 2:10 International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 1–5.
Adiele E Afigbo, “Background to Nigerian Federalism: Federal Features in the Colonial State” (1991) 21:4 Publius 13 29.
Agbude Godwyns Adeniyi, “Political Culture and the Future of Democracy in Nigeria” (2010) 2:34 Sustainable Human Development Review 47–65.
Akindiyo Oladiran Opeyemi, Mohammed Siyaka, & Adanri Opeyemi, “Power Sharing Conundrum and the Challenges of 2015 General Elections in Nigeria” (2014) 2:3 International Journal of Development and Economic Sustainability 9–21.
Allison McCulloch, “The Track Records of Centripetalism in Deeply Divided Societies” in Joanne McEvoy, ed, Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Societies (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013).
Arend Lijphart, “Consociational Democracy” (2011) 21:2 World Politics: A Quarterly Journal of International Relations 205–207.
Ayo Awopeju, Olufemi Adelusi, & Ajinde Oluwashakin, “Zoning Formula and the Party Politics in Nigerian Democracy: A Crossroad for PDP in 2015 Presidential Election” (2012) 2:4 Research on Humanities and Social Sciences 11–19.
Brighid Brooks Kelly, Power-Sharing and Consociational Theory (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019).
Babayo Sule, Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani, & Bakri Mat, “Opposition Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria: Examining All Progressives Congress (APC) in the 2015 General Elections” (2018) 21:4 Tamkang Journal of International Affairs 81–112.
Babayo Sule, Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani, & Bakri Mat, “Political Behaviour and Voting Pattern in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic: The Case of 2015 Presidential Election” (2017) 4:4 Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences 1–13.
Bassey A Okon et al., "States and Local Government Areas Creation as a Strategy of National Integration or Disintegration in Nigeria” (2013) 3:1 Journal of Educational and Social Research 237–245.
Bernard Grofman, “Electoral Rules and Ethnic Representation and Accommodation: Combining Social Choice and Electoral Systems Perspectives” in Joanne McEvoy, ed, Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Societies (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013).
Brendan O’Leary, “Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Societies: An Advocate’s Introduction” in Joanne McEvoy, ed, Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Societies (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013).
Carl A Le Van, “Power Sharing and Inclusive Politics in Africa’s Uncertain Democracies” (2010) 24:1 Governance 31–53.
Carl A Le Van, Dictators and Democracy in Nigeria: The Political Economy of Good Governance in Nigeria (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015).
Chandra Lekha Sriram, Peace as Governance, Power Sharing, Armed Groups and Contemporary Peace Negotiations (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).
Daniel Bochsler & Andreas Juon, “Power-sharing and the quality of democracy” (2021) 13:4 European Political Science Review 411–430.
Daniel J Elazar, “Federalism and Consociational Regimes” (1985) 15:2 Publius: The Journal of Federalism 17–34.
David D Yongo, “States creation since 1967: An Imperative of the Military Contribution to Nation-Building in Nigeria” (2015) 7:3 African Journal of History and Culture 71–78.
Dele Adetoye, “The Nigerian Elite and State Creation: The Creation of False Ethnic Dichotomies for Self Aggrandisement” (2016) 16:1 Global Journal of Human Social Science: Political Science.
Emmanuel Remi Aiyede, “Federalism, Power Sharing and The 2011 Presidential Election in Nigeria” (2011) 11:1 Journal of African Elections 31–53.
Howard Lune & Bruce L Berg, Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences, 4th ed (New Delhi: Pearson Education Inc, 2017).
Harriet Seun Dapo-Asaju & Oludayo John Bamgbose, “The Quest for Restructuring the Nigerian Nation: Myth or Reality? The Role of Libraries in Amplifying the Debate” (2019) 47:1 International Journal of Legal Information.
HE Alapiki, “States Creation in Nigeria: Failed Approaches to National Integration and Local Autonomy” (2005) 48:3 African Studies.
Ian O’Flynn & David Russell, “Introduction: New Challenges for Power Sharing” in Ian O’Flynn, ed, Power Sharing: New Challenges for Divided Societies (London: Pluto Press, 2005) 1.
Imad Salamey, “Failing Consociationalism in Lebanon and Integrative Approach” (2009) 14:2 International Journal of Peace Studies.
Isawa J Elaigwu, “Federalism: The Nigerian Experience” (1996) 4:1 Federalism Theory and Application.
Isawa JElaigwu, “Federalism in Nigeria’s New Democratic Polity” 32:2 The Global Review of Federalism.
Ian O’Flynn, Deliberative Democracy and Divided Societies (Edinburg: Edinburg University Press, 2006).
James Coleman, Nigeria: Background to Nationalism (London: Longman, 1960).
Jake Dan Azumi, Attahiru Jega, & Sam Egwu, “The Challenges of ReFederalising Nigeria: Revisiting Recent Debates on Political Restructuring” (2019) 7:1 Journal of Political Sciences and Public Affairs 1–8.
JNC Hill, Nigeria Since Independence: Forever Fragile? (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).
J Bayo Adekanye, Power Sharing in Multi-Ethnic Political System (Geneva: UN Research Institute for Social Development, 1997).
John P Mackintosh, “Federalism in Nigeria” (1962) 10:3 Politics.
Jonas B Bunte & Laura Thaut Vinson, “Local power-sharing institutions and interreligious violence in Nigeria” (2016) 53:1 Journal of Peace Research 49–65.
John W Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (California: Sage Publication, 2014).
Larry Diamond, Class Ethnicity and Democracy in Nigeria: The Failure of the First Republic (London: Macmillan Press, 1995).
Ladipo Adamolekun L, “Introduction: Federalism in Nigeria” (1991) 21:4 Publius: The Journal of Federalism.
Lateef Oluwafemi Buhari, “Separatist Agitation and Quest for State Police in Nigeria” (2018) 3:3 European Journal of Social Sciences Studies (European Journal of Social Sciences Studies) 249–262.
Leo Sobechi, "Power Sharing Schemes Worsen APC's Zoning Confusion," The Guardian Newspaper (18 April 2021), online:
Matthijs Bogaards, “Consociationalism and Centripetalism: Friends or Foes?” (2019) 25:4 Swiss Political Science Review 519–537.
Musa Abdullahi Sakanko & Joseph David, “The Effect of Democratic Zoning System on Nigeria Economy: Evidence of Niger State” (2018) 17:1 Etikonomi 25–36.
Ladipo Adamolekun L, “Introduction: Federalism in Nigeria” (1991) 21:4 Publius: The Journal of Federalism.
Lateef Oluwafemi Buhari, “Separatist Agitation and Quest for State Police in Nigeria” (2018) 3:3 European Journal of Social Sciences Studies (European Journal of Social Sciences Studies) 249–262.
Leo Sobechi, "Power Sharing Schemes Worsen APC's Zoning Confusion," The Guardian Newspaper (18 April 2021), online:
Ladipo Adamolekun L, “Introduction: Federalism in Nigeria” (1991) 21:4 Publius: The Journal of Federalism.
Lateef Oluwafemi Buhari, “Separatist Agitation and Quest for State Police in Nigeria” (2018) 3:3 European Journal of Social Sciences Studies (European Journal of Social Sciences Studies) 249–262.
Leo Sobechi, "Power Sharing Schemes Worsen APC's Zoning Confusion," The Guardian Newspaper (18 April 2021), online:
Matthijs Bogaards, “Consociationalism and Centripetalism: Friends or Foes?” (2019) 25:4 Swiss Political Science Review 519–537.
Musa Abdullahi Sakanko & Joseph David, “The Effect of Democratic Zoning System on Nigeria Economy: Evidence of Niger State” (2018) 17:1 Etikonomi 25–36.
Matthijs Bogaards, “Consociationalism and Centripetalism: Friends or Foes?” (2019) 25:4 Swiss Political Science Review 519–537.
Musa Abdullahi Sakanko & Joseph David, “The Effect of Democratic Zoning System on Nigeria Economy: Evidence of Niger State” (2018) 17:1 Etikonomi 25–36.
Merriam B Sharan, Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (San Francisco: Wiley & Sons, 2009).
Micheal Peel, A Swamp Full of Dollars: Pipelines and Paramilitaries at Nigeria’s Oil Frontier (USA: Lawrence Hill Books).
Nic Cheeseman, Eloise Bertrand, & Sa’eed Hussaini, A Dictionary of African Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019).
Nenad Stojanovic, “Democracy, Ethnocracy and Consociational Democracy” (2019) 41:1 International Political Science Review.
Nsembe Edward Lenshie, “Ties that Bind and Differences that Divide: Exploring the Resurgence of Ethno-Cultural Identity in Nigeria” (2014) 13:2 Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (Council for the Development of Social Science Research in
Africa) 153–212.
Nenad Stojanovic, “Democracy, Ethnocracy and Consociational Democracy” (2019) 41:1 International Political Science Review.
Nsembe Edward Lenshie, “Ties that Bind and Differences that Divide: Exploring the Resurgence of Ethno-Cultural Identity in Nigeria” (2014) 13:2 Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (Council for the Development of Social Science Research in
Africa) 153–212.
Nenad Stojanovic, “Democracy, Ethnocracy and Consociational Democracy” (2019) 41:1 International Political Science Review.
Nsembe Edward Lenshie, “Ties that Bind and Differences that Divide: Exploring the Resurgence of Ethno-Cultural Identity in Nigeria” (2014) 13:2 Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (Council for the Development of Social Science Research in
Africa) 153–212.
Okwudiba Nnoli, Ethnic Politics in Nigeria (Onitsha: Fourth Dimension Publishers, 1987).
Olusegun Adeniyi, Power, Politics, and Death: A Front-Row Account of Nigeria Under President Yar’adua (London: Prestige Publishers, 2010).
Okonkwo C Eze, Alexander Elimian, & Uchenna G Chinwuba, “The Politics of State Creation and National Integration in Nigeria” (2015) 8:1 Journal of Politics and Law 113–121.
Okpu Ugbana, “Nigeria’s Dilemma: Development or New States” (1988) 38:2 Italian Institute for African Orientation 183–203.
Raphael Chijioke Njoku, “Consociationalism: its Relevance for Nigeria” (2007) 5:2 Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 1–35.
Richard Joseph, Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria (New York: Cambridge, 1997).
Robert Bogden & Biklen Sari Knopp, Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theories and Methods, 1st ed (Boston: Pearson Education, 2007).
Remond Alexandra, “Power-sharing in Africa: Does It Still Have a Role to Play?” (2015) 1:1 E-International Relations 1–8.
Rotimi T Suberu, “Federalism in Africa: The Nigerian Experience in Comparative Perspective” (2009) 8:1 Ethnopolitics 67–86.
———, “The Nigerian Federal System: Performance, Problems, and Prospects” (2010) 28:4 Journal of Contemporary African Studies 459– 477.
———, “The Struggles for New States in Nigeria: 1976-1990” (1991) 90:361 African Affairs 499–522.
Ruby B Andeweg, “Consociational Democracy” (2000) 3:1 Annual Review of Political Science 509–536.
Scott Gates & Kaare Strom, Power Sharing and Civil Conflict (Centre for the Study of Civil War PRIC, CSCW Policy Brief (Centre for the Study of Civil War PRIC, 2008).
Siri Aas Rustad, Power-sharing Agreements, Negotiations and Peace Processes (Oslo: Center for the Study of Civil War, 2008).
Staffan I Lindberg, Democracy and Elections in Africa (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2006).
Sa’id Adejumobi, “Introduction” in Sa’id Adejumobi, ed, Governance and Politics in Post-Military Nigeria: Changes and Challenges (New York: Palgrave Macmillan) 1.
Scott Gates et al., "Power Sharing, Protection and Peace" (2016) 78:2 The Journal of Politics 1119–1215.
Siri Aas Rustad, “Between War and Peace: 50 years of Power-sharing in Nigeria” (2008) 6:1 Centre for the Study of Civil War 1–5.
TA Olaiya et al., "Rethinking Zoning Formula as Political Panacea for Ethnic Conflict and Governance Crisis in Nigeria" (2014) 4:26 Research on Humanities and Social Sciences 1–14.
Usman Sambo & Babayo Sule, “Local Government Autonomy and InterGovernmental Relations in Contemporary Nigeria" in IO Aransi et al., eds, Contemporary Issues in Nigerian Public Administration: A Festschrift in Honor of Professor Barrister Ishaq Isola Omoleke (Ile Ife: Department of Public Administration Obafemi Awolowo University, 2020) 617.
Uwomano Benjamin Okpevra, “A Critique for Nigerian Federalism and Need for Restructuring Towards Achieving Vision 2030” (2021) 1:1 Fudan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 265–284.
Uma Sekaran & Roger Bougie, Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach, 1st ed (India: John Wiley & Sons, 2013).
Uyilawa Usuanlele & Bonny Ibhawoh, Minority Rights and the National Question in Nigeria, 1st ed (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017).
Virginia Braun & Victoria Clarke, Successful Qualitative Research: Practical Guide for Beginners, 1st ed (New Delhi: Pearson Education Inc, 2013).
Victor E Ita, Ebong Itoro E, & Tonye Inimo-Etele, “Restructuring Nigerian Federalism: A Prognosis Nation-Building and SocioPolitical Stability” (2019) 5:1 Journal of Political Science and Leadership Research 1–18.
Wale Adebanwi & Ebenezer Obadare, Democracy and Prebendelism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations, 1st ed (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
Wouter Veenendaal & Leila Demarest, “How Population Size Affects Power-Sharing: a Comparison of Nigeria and Suriname” (2021) 27:3 Contemporary Politics 271–291.
Yahaya T Baba, “Power Sharing and the Implications for Democratic Governance in Nigeria: The Case of National Assembly (1999-2011” (2017) 8:4 Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 111–121.
Yahaya Yakubu, “Consociational Power Sharing and Political Equality in Nigeria: What Role for Federal Character Principle?” (2018) 2:10 International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 1–5.
Published
2022-12-30
How to Cite
SULE, Babayo; SAMBO, Usman.
Power Sharing and Zoning Formula for Managing Nigeria's Diversity.
Lentera Hukum, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 3, p. 397-434, dec. 2022.
ISSN 2621-3710.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/ejlh/article/view/28418>. Date accessed: 20 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v9i3.28418.
Section
Articles
