Economic Democracy and the Quest of Net Neutrality in Indonesia
Abstract
Net neutrality has played critical issues in internet-based businesses, as it may stop Internet Service Providers (ISPs) from discriminating against certain legal internet contents, platforms, or services. This study argued that net neutrality has a strong relationship with economic democracy as the constitutional basis of the Indonesian economy. This study examined net neutrality and considered its possible adoption in Indonesia under economic democracy by justifying economic democracy required the state to build an inclusive economy as per political economy theory. It used a socio-legal method through an interdisciplinary study of law and political economy with conceptual and comparative approaches. The study showed that the idea of the internet as a level playing field was founding net neutrality. For instance, in the United States and across different Global South countries, net neutrality relied on three orders of no blocking, no throttling, and no paid prioritization, which provided equal access for everyone to create their opportunities. At this point, economic democracy and net neutrality made their cross-cut. Like net neutrality, a discriminatory action against a content provider violated economic democracy, where policy-makers formulated economic policies to enable a level playing field for economic actors. Minimum barriers to entering the market might create such a level playing field. Without net neutrality, ISPs could carry out arbitrary actions and abuse of power for business interests. This study concluded that the adoption of net neutrality into formal regulation created a positive climate of innovation in the digital business ecosystem in Indonesia.
KEYWORDS: Economic Democracy, Net Neutrality, Digital Economy.
References
Abbas, Tarmizi & Win Konadi Manan, “Keterkaitan Antara Demokrasi Politik, Demokrasi Ekonomi, dan Sistem Ekonomi Kerakyatan” (2005) XXI:3 Mimbar.
Abiteboul, Serge & Julia Stoyanovich, “Transparency, Fairness, Data Protection, Neutrality: Data Management Challenges in the Face of New Regulation” (2019) 11:3 ACM Journal of Data and Information Quality.
Acemoglu, Daron & James A Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (London: Profile Books, Ltd, 2012).
Anggraeni, Ricca, “Memaknakan Fungsi Undang-Undang Dasar Secara Ideal dalam Pembentukan Undang-Undang” (2019) 48:3 Masalah-Masalah Hukum.
Anugroho, Adhi, Ratih Lestarini & Tri Hayati, “Analisis Yuridis Terhadap Asas Efisiensi Berkeadilan Berdasarkan Pasal 33 Ayat (4) UUD 1945 dalam Peraturan Perundang-Undangan di Bidang Ketenagalistrikan” (2017) 47:2 Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan. Asshiddiqie, Jimly, Konstitusi Ekonomi (Jakarta: Kompas, 2016).
Boliek, Babette EL, “FCC Regulation Versus Antitrust: How Net Neutrality is Defining the Boundaries” (2011) 52:5 Boston College Law Review.
Bnamericas, "Watchdog: Telcos Offering Free Access to Social Networks Breaks Neutrality Law," online:.
Brown, Justin S & Andrew W Bagley, “Neutrality 2.0: The Broadband Transition to Transparency” (2015) 25:3 Fordham Intellectual Property, Media, and Entertainment Law Journal.
Castells, Manuel, The Rise of the Network Society: Second Edition with a New Preface (West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010).
Dadzie, Kofi Q, “Inclusive Economic Development Programs and Consumers’ Access to Credit in Emerging Market Economies: The Public Policy Role of Marketing in Rural Bank Programs in Ghana” (2013) 32:1 Journal of Public Policy & Marketing.
De Lany, Nisha K, “From a Developing Country’s Perspective: Is Net Neutrality a Non-Issue for South Africa?” (2017) 47:2 The University of the Pacific Law Review.
DeAgostino, Sarah, “Neutrality in the Modern World: Internet Regulation’s Impact on Economics and Society” (2020) 10:1 Notre Dame Journal of International & Comparative Law.
Dewantara, Reka, “Rekonseptualisasi Asas Demokrasi Ekonomi dalam Konstitusi Indonesia” (2014) 7:2 Arena Hukum.
El Amrani, Mohamed, "The Competition Between ISPs in Presence of the Net Neutrality" (2017) 6:3 International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT).
Gani, Alcianno Ghobadi, “Sejarah dan Perkembangan Internet di Indonesia” (2013) 5:2 Jurnal Mitra Manajemen.
Geffs, Jacob, “Statutory Definitions of Public Utilities and Carriers” (1937)12:4 Notre Dame Law Review.
Gharakheili, Hassan Habibi, The Role of SDN in Broadband Networks (Berlin: Springer, 2017).
Greenstein, Shane, How the Internet Became Commercial: Innovation, Privatization, and the Birth of a New Network (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2015)
Hakim, Muhammad Helmy, “Pergeseran Orientasi Penelitian Hukum: Dari Doktrinal ke Sosio-Legal” (2016) 16:2 Syariah: Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran.
Hart, Jeffrey A, “The Net Neutrality Debate in the United States” (2011) 8:4 Journal of Information Technology & Politics.
Hemphill, C Scott, “Network Neutrality and the False Promise of Zero-Price Regulation” (2008) 25:2 Yale Journal on Regulation.
Heriani, Fitri Novia, “Ini Potensi Pelanggaran Persaingan Usaha di Era Digital”, online:.
Lee, Robin S & Tim Wu, “Subsidizing Creativity through Network Neutrality: Zero-Pricing and Net Neutrality” (2009) 23:3 Journal of Economic Perspectives.
Leiner, Barry M, et al., "A Brief History of the Internet" (1997) Internet Society.
Lessig, Lawrence, The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World (New York: Random House, 2001).
Lozada, Hector R & Gary H Kritz, “Net Neutrality Repeal and its Effect on Consumers” (2019) 10:1 International Journal of Business and Social Science.
Mezak, Meray Hendrik, “Jenis, Metode, dan Pendekatan Dalam Penelitian Hukum” (2006) 3:3 Law Review Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pelita Harapan.
Mukherjee, Debarshi & Sonia Dhir, “Net Neutrality Issues and Different Cross-sections of Society - An Indian Perspective” (2016) 6:2 IPE Journal of Management.
Packard, Ashley, Digital Media Law, 2nd Edition (Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2013).
Permana, Rizky Banyualam, “Network Neutrality: Standar Baru dalam Tata Kelola Internet?” (2019) 31:3 Mimbar Hukum.
Posner, Richard, Economic Analysis of Law: Third Edition (Philadelpia: Wolter & Kluwer, 1986).
Rahardjo, M Dawam, Nalar Ekonomi Politik Indonesia (Bogor: IPB Press, 2011).
Reynolds, Alexander, “Enforcing Transparency: A Data-Driven Alternative for Open Internet Regulation” (2011) 19:2 CommLaw Conspectus: Journal of Communication Law and Technology Policy.
Riyanto, Galuh Putri, “Jumlah Pengguna Internet Indonesia 2021 Tembus 202 Juta”, online:.
Selvakumar, DS, “Net Neutrality in India-Need of the Hour” (2019) 10:11 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology.
Shahin, Saif, “Facing up to Facebook: How Digital Activism, Independent Regulation, and Mass Media Foiled a Neoliberal Threat to Net Neutrality” (2017) 22:1 Information, Communication & Society.
Singh, Jasbir, “Growth and Potential of Wireless Internet User in Rural India” (2021) 58:2 Psychology and Education: An Interdisciplinary Journal.
Solum, Lawrence B & Minn Chung, “The Layers Principle: Internet Architecture and the Law” (2004) 79:3 Notre Dame Law Review.
Terry, Christopher R & Scott Memmel, “Harlem Shake Meets the Chevron Two Step: Net Neutrality Following Mozilla v. FCC” (2020) 15:3 Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts.
Tomar, Louisa, ed, Digital Economy Enabling Environment Guide: Key Areas of Dialogue for Business and Policy-makers (Washington DC: CIPE & NML, 2018).
Troiano, Robbie, “Assessing the Current State of Net Neutrality and Exploring Solutions in Creating and Maintaining Open, Available, and Innovative Internet and Broadband Services” (2019) 14:2 Journal of Business & Technology Law.
Wu, Tim, “Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination” (2003) 2:2 Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law.
Yosuadi, Dolok, “Problematika Prinsip Net Neutrality Berkenaan Layanan Jasa Netflix Pada Regulasi Nasional Indonesia” (2021) 7:1 Morality : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum.
Yurista, Ananda Prima, “Implikasi Penafsiran Kembali Hak Menguasai Negara terhadap Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil” (2016) 5:3 Jurnal Rechtsvinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional.
Yustika, Ahmad Erani, Ekonomi Politik: Pijakan Teoritis dan Kajian Empiris (Malang: Intrans Publishing, 2020).
Yustika, Ahmad Erani & Rukavina Baksh, Kebijakan Ekonomi: Regulasi, Institusi, Konstitusi (Malang: Intrans Publishing, 2021).
Zink, Manfred, “Net Neutrality Regulation in the US and Chile: Relevant Aspects Concerning Regulation in Technological Markets From Analyzing Two Concrete Regulatory Experiences” (2013) 3 Derecho Publico
Iberoamericano.
Abiteboul, Serge & Julia Stoyanovich, “Transparency, Fairness, Data Protection, Neutrality: Data Management Challenges in the Face of New Regulation” (2019) 11:3 ACM Journal of Data and Information Quality.
Acemoglu, Daron & James A Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (London: Profile Books, Ltd, 2012).
Anggraeni, Ricca, “Memaknakan Fungsi Undang-Undang Dasar Secara Ideal dalam Pembentukan Undang-Undang” (2019) 48:3 Masalah-Masalah Hukum.
Anugroho, Adhi, Ratih Lestarini & Tri Hayati, “Analisis Yuridis Terhadap Asas Efisiensi Berkeadilan Berdasarkan Pasal 33 Ayat (4) UUD 1945 dalam Peraturan Perundang-Undangan di Bidang Ketenagalistrikan” (2017) 47:2 Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan. Asshiddiqie, Jimly, Konstitusi Ekonomi (Jakarta: Kompas, 2016).
Boliek, Babette EL, “FCC Regulation Versus Antitrust: How Net Neutrality is Defining the Boundaries” (2011) 52:5 Boston College Law Review.
Bnamericas, "Watchdog: Telcos Offering Free Access to Social Networks Breaks Neutrality Law," online:
Brown, Justin S & Andrew W Bagley, “Neutrality 2.0: The Broadband Transition to Transparency” (2015) 25:3 Fordham Intellectual Property, Media, and Entertainment Law Journal.
Castells, Manuel, The Rise of the Network Society: Second Edition with a New Preface (West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010).
Dadzie, Kofi Q, “Inclusive Economic Development Programs and Consumers’ Access to Credit in Emerging Market Economies: The Public Policy Role of Marketing in Rural Bank Programs in Ghana” (2013) 32:1 Journal of Public Policy & Marketing.
De Lany, Nisha K, “From a Developing Country’s Perspective: Is Net Neutrality a Non-Issue for South Africa?” (2017) 47:2 The University of the Pacific Law Review.
DeAgostino, Sarah, “Neutrality in the Modern World: Internet Regulation’s Impact on Economics and Society” (2020) 10:1 Notre Dame Journal of International & Comparative Law.
Dewantara, Reka, “Rekonseptualisasi Asas Demokrasi Ekonomi dalam Konstitusi Indonesia” (2014) 7:2 Arena Hukum.
El Amrani, Mohamed, "The Competition Between ISPs in Presence of the Net Neutrality" (2017) 6:3 International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT).
Gani, Alcianno Ghobadi, “Sejarah dan Perkembangan Internet di Indonesia” (2013) 5:2 Jurnal Mitra Manajemen.
Geffs, Jacob, “Statutory Definitions of Public Utilities and Carriers” (1937)12:4 Notre Dame Law Review.
Gharakheili, Hassan Habibi, The Role of SDN in Broadband Networks (Berlin: Springer, 2017).
Greenstein, Shane, How the Internet Became Commercial: Innovation, Privatization, and the Birth of a New Network (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2015)
Hakim, Muhammad Helmy, “Pergeseran Orientasi Penelitian Hukum: Dari Doktrinal ke Sosio-Legal” (2016) 16:2 Syariah: Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran.
Hart, Jeffrey A, “The Net Neutrality Debate in the United States” (2011) 8:4 Journal of Information Technology & Politics.
Hemphill, C Scott, “Network Neutrality and the False Promise of Zero-Price Regulation” (2008) 25:2 Yale Journal on Regulation.
Heriani, Fitri Novia, “Ini Potensi Pelanggaran Persaingan Usaha di Era Digital”, online:
Lee, Robin S & Tim Wu, “Subsidizing Creativity through Network Neutrality: Zero-Pricing and Net Neutrality” (2009) 23:3 Journal of Economic Perspectives.
Leiner, Barry M, et al., "A Brief History of the Internet" (1997) Internet Society.
Lessig, Lawrence, The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World (New York: Random House, 2001).
Lozada, Hector R & Gary H Kritz, “Net Neutrality Repeal and its Effect on Consumers” (2019) 10:1 International Journal of Business and Social Science.
Mezak, Meray Hendrik, “Jenis, Metode, dan Pendekatan Dalam Penelitian Hukum” (2006) 3:3 Law Review Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pelita Harapan.
Mukherjee, Debarshi & Sonia Dhir, “Net Neutrality Issues and Different Cross-sections of Society - An Indian Perspective” (2016) 6:2 IPE Journal of Management.
Packard, Ashley, Digital Media Law, 2nd Edition (Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2013).
Permana, Rizky Banyualam, “Network Neutrality: Standar Baru dalam Tata Kelola Internet?” (2019) 31:3 Mimbar Hukum.
Posner, Richard, Economic Analysis of Law: Third Edition (Philadelpia: Wolter & Kluwer, 1986).
Rahardjo, M Dawam, Nalar Ekonomi Politik Indonesia (Bogor: IPB Press, 2011).
Reynolds, Alexander, “Enforcing Transparency: A Data-Driven Alternative for Open Internet Regulation” (2011) 19:2 CommLaw Conspectus: Journal of Communication Law and Technology Policy.
Riyanto, Galuh Putri, “Jumlah Pengguna Internet Indonesia 2021 Tembus 202 Juta”, online:
Selvakumar, DS, “Net Neutrality in India-Need of the Hour” (2019) 10:11 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology.
Shahin, Saif, “Facing up to Facebook: How Digital Activism, Independent Regulation, and Mass Media Foiled a Neoliberal Threat to Net Neutrality” (2017) 22:1 Information, Communication & Society.
Singh, Jasbir, “Growth and Potential of Wireless Internet User in Rural India” (2021) 58:2 Psychology and Education: An Interdisciplinary Journal.
Solum, Lawrence B & Minn Chung, “The Layers Principle: Internet Architecture and the Law” (2004) 79:3 Notre Dame Law Review.
Terry, Christopher R & Scott Memmel, “Harlem Shake Meets the Chevron Two Step: Net Neutrality Following Mozilla v. FCC” (2020) 15:3 Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts.
Tomar, Louisa, ed, Digital Economy Enabling Environment Guide: Key Areas of Dialogue for Business and Policy-makers (Washington DC: CIPE & NML, 2018).
Troiano, Robbie, “Assessing the Current State of Net Neutrality and Exploring Solutions in Creating and Maintaining Open, Available, and Innovative Internet and Broadband Services” (2019) 14:2 Journal of Business & Technology Law.
Wu, Tim, “Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination” (2003) 2:2 Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law.
Yosuadi, Dolok, “Problematika Prinsip Net Neutrality Berkenaan Layanan Jasa Netflix Pada Regulasi Nasional Indonesia” (2021) 7:1 Morality : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum.
Yurista, Ananda Prima, “Implikasi Penafsiran Kembali Hak Menguasai Negara terhadap Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil” (2016) 5:3 Jurnal Rechtsvinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional.
Yustika, Ahmad Erani, Ekonomi Politik: Pijakan Teoritis dan Kajian Empiris (Malang: Intrans Publishing, 2020).
Yustika, Ahmad Erani & Rukavina Baksh, Kebijakan Ekonomi: Regulasi, Institusi, Konstitusi (Malang: Intrans Publishing, 2021).
Zink, Manfred, “Net Neutrality Regulation in the US and Chile: Relevant Aspects Concerning Regulation in Technological Markets From Analyzing Two Concrete Regulatory Experiences” (2013) 3 Derecho Publico
Iberoamericano.
Published
2021-11-30
How to Cite
AZIS, Arasy Pradana A..
Economic Democracy and the Quest of Net Neutrality in Indonesia.
Lentera Hukum, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 3, p. 387-416, nov. 2021.
ISSN 2621-3710.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/ejlh/article/view/26864>. Date accessed: 20 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v8i3.26864.
Section
Articles
