Analyzing The Cost of Paddy Rice Labor in Indonesia: A Case Study in Ten Tons Syngenta Project
Abstract
Rice is a commodity strategy and a basic food for nearly all Indonesian households. The purpose of this study is to describe the labor utilization and costs associated with all farming activities, as well as the income and efficiency of lowland rice farming. The study took place in the Ten Tons Syngenta area, specifically in Glanggang Village, Beji District, Pasuruan Regency, East Java. The study took place between August and September 2022. The sample was determined using a 20% random sampling technique, which in the collection of 22 samples of farmers. The research data were derived from primary sources and were gathered through direct interviews with farmers. The results indicated that labor costs is so high in land preparation and planting (53.50 percent) dominated work in lowland rice farming, followed by harvesting (17.37 percent), weeding (14.74 percent), fertilizing (8.92 percent), and spraying (5.4 percent ). Lowland rice farmers earn Rp. 5,381,567 per hectare and have an R/C ratio of 1.35. The application of advanced technology, particularly in land preparation and planting, is critical for increasing the income and efficiency of lowland rice farming in the Syngenta ten-ton area in order to support rice self-sufficiency in the run-up to Indonesia's 100th anniversary of independence in 2045.
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Quddus, A. and Kropp, J.D. (2020) ‘Constraints to agricultural production and marketing in the lagging regions of Bangladesh’, Sustainability, 12(10), p. 3956.
Rahim, H. et al. (2022) ‘Economic potential of rice precision farming in malaysia: the case study of Felcra Seberang Perak’, Precision Agriculture, pp. 1–18.
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Tran, D., Vu, H.T. and Goto, D. (2022) ‘Agricultural land consolidation, labor allocation and land productivity: A case study of plot exchange policy in Vietnam’, Economic Analysis and Policy, 73, pp. 455–473.
Turukay, I.M., SP, Ms. and Luhukay, J.M. (2023) ‘Analysis Of Income And Feasibility Of Rice Farming Before And During Covid-19 In Seram Utara Timur Kobi Sub-District’, International Journal of Economics, Business and Innovation Research, 2(01), pp. 169–178.
Udimal, T.B. et al. (2017) ‘Factors influencing the agricultural technology adoption: The case of improved rice varieties (Nerica) in the Northern Region, Ghana’, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 8(8), pp. 137–148.
Watson, P. and Winfree, J. (2022) ‘Should we use antitrust policies on big agriculture?’, Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 44(3), pp. 1313–1326.
Yamane, Y. (no date) ‘Wage labor in rice cultivation areas near Lake Victoria in Western Kenya’, Afr. J. Agric. Res., p. 11.
Yasa, I.N.A. (no date) ‘Analisis Produksi dan Pendapatan Usahatani Padi Sawah di Desa Bonemarawa Kecamatan Riopakava Kabupaten Donggala’, p. 8.
Ali, A. (2020) ‘Pengaruh Teknologi Pertanian terhadap Produktivitas Hasil Panen Padi di Kecamatan Maritengngae Kabupaten Sidenreng Rappang’, p. 12.
Arifin, M.Z. and Mahfudz, M. (no date) ‘Analisis Faktor-Faktor Sosial Ekonomi yang Mempengaruhi Pendapatan Usahatani Padi Sawah Di Desa Sukorejo Kecamatan Sukorjo Kabupaten Ponorogo’, p. 5.
Bakri, R. et al. (2021) ‘Efficiency analysis of using production factors in paddy rice farming in Macope Sub-District, Awangpone District, Bone Regency’, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 807(3), p. 032075. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/807/3/032075.
Dang, N.H. (no date) ‘Profitability and Profit Efficiency of Rice Farming in Tra Vinh Province, Vietnam’, 6(1), p. 11.
Deparment of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Islam Malang, Indonesia et al. (2020) ‘Animal Food Demand in Indonesia: A Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System Approach’, Agris on-line Papers in
Economics and Informatics, 12(2), pp. 85–97. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7160/aol.2020.120208.
Derraz, R. et al. (2023) ‘Ensemble and single algorithm models to handle multicollinearity of UAV vegetation indices for predicting rice biomass’, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 205, p. 107621.
Devi, N.P.V.T. (2020) Business Feasibility Study of Hanu Balinese Poké at Gading Serpong. Universitas Pelita Harapan.
Dewi, R. et al. (2022) ‘Empowering Communities on the Feasibility of Local Chicken Livestock Business in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia’, Specialusis Ugdymas, 1(43), pp. 11034–11045.
Egbeadumah, M.O. et al. (2023) ‘Agricultural Risk Management and Production Efficiency among Peasant Farmers in Taraba State, North Eastern Nigeria’, Journal of Land and Rural Studies, 11(1), pp. 69–82.
Eliyatiningsih, E. and Mayasari, F. (2019) ‘Efisiensi Penggunaan Faktor Produksi pada Usahatani Cabai Merah di Kecamatan Wuluhan Kabupaten Jember’, Jurnal Agrica, 12(1), pp. 7–16.
Elmulthum, N.A. et al. (2023) ‘Water Use Efficiency and Economic Evaluation of the Hydroponic versus Conventional Cultivation Systems for Green Fodder Production in Saudi Arabia’, Sustainability, 15(1), p. 822.
Fitri, Y. and Nainggolan, S. (2022) ‘Model Increasing Productivity and Sustainability of Lowland Rice Farming in Tanjung Jabung Barat District-Indonesia (With a SEM Partial Least Square Approach)’.
Gniza, D.I. and Loa, R.L.B. (2023) ‘Socioeconomic Determinants of Decisions and Degree of Crop Diversification Among Smallholder Rice Producers in Côte d’Ivoire’, American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation, 2(1), pp. 65–73.
Herdiansyah, H. et al. (2023) ‘Evaluation of Conventional and Mechanization Methods towards Precision Agriculture in Indonesia’, Sustainability, 15(12), p. 9592.
Jati, H.S. and Soebagyo, J. (2023) ‘The Influence of Self-Confidence on The Mathematical Reasoning Ability of Junior High School Students’, Prima: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 7(1), pp. 67–76.
Juni, J., Efrianti, R. and Fifian, F.P.S. (2022) ‘Comparative Analysis of Rice Farming Incomeorganic and Non-Organic in East Oku Regency’, International Journal of Social Science, 2(2), pp. 1375–1378.
Key, N. and Runsten, D. (1999) ‘Contract farming, smallholders, and rural development in Latin America: the organization of agroprocessing firms and the scale of outgrower production’, World development, 27(2), pp. 381–401.
Khairullah, I. (2020) ‘Indigenous Knowledge Cultivation of Local Rice Varieties “Siam Mutiara” and “Siam Saba” at Tidal Swampland’, BIO Web of Conferences. Edited by D.H. Mursyidin and E. Badruzsaufari, 20, p. 01007. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202001007.
Khan, A., Li, X. and Xia, X. (2022) ‘Farm-Level Technical Efficiency and Its Determinants of Rice Production in Indo-Gangetic Plains: A Stochastic Frontier Model Approach.’, Sustainability (2071-1050), 14(4).
Koirala, K.H., Mishra, A. and Mohanty, S. (2016) ‘Impact of land ownership on productivity and efficiency of rice farmers: The case of the Philippines’, Land Use Policy, 50, pp. 371–378. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.10.001.
Kurniati, N., Sukiyono, K., and Purmini (2020) ‘Cost Efficiency of Integrated Farming System Based on Rice-Cattle in Bengkulu Province of Indonesia’, Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 107(11), pp. 126–132. Available at: https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2020-11.15.
Lewontin, R.C. and Berlan, J.-P. (1986) ‘Technology, research, and the penetration of capital: the case of US agriculture’, Monthly Review, 38, pp. 21–35.
Lumintang, F.M. (2013) ‘Analisis Pendapatan Petani Padi di Desa Teep Kecamatan Langowan Timur’, p. 8.
Lusiba, G.S., Kibwika, P. and Kyazze, F.B. (2017) ‘Intra-household gender division of labour and decision-making on rice postharvest handling practices: A case of Eastern Uganda’, Cogent Social Sciences. Edited by B.R.
Sørensen, 3(1), p. 1296323. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2017.1296323.
McCulloch, N., and Peter Timmer, C. (2008). Rice policy in Indonesia: a special issue. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 44(1), pp. 33-44.
Mulyaningsih, A., Suherna and Gunawan, G. (2021) ‘Gender Justice and Equality in Rice Farming Friendly Environment in Realizing Family Food Security’:, in. Banten, Indonesia. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.210304.035.
Nadhirah, A., Napitupulu, T.S. and Saadilah, D. (2023) ‘Feasibility Study of Tobacco Farming in Patrang District, Jember Regency’, Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, Akuntansi dan Keuangan, 4(1), pp. 167-174-167–174.
Najim, M.M.M. et al. (2007) ‘Sustainability of rice production: a Malaysian perspective’, Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3(1), p. 1. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4038/jas.v3i1.8138.
Nathanel, N.N. et al. (2023) ‘Determinants of Credit Accessibility and Performance of Smallholder Rice Farmers: A Case of the West Region of Cameroon’, in Agricultural Transformation in Africa: Contemporary Issues, Empirics, and Policies. Springer, pp. 57–67.
Nikmatul, K. et al. (2020) ‘The Analysis Demand for Animal Source Food in Indonesia: Using Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System’, Business: Theory and Practice, 21(1), pp. 427–439. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.10563.
Openshaw, K. (2000) ‘A review of Jatropha curcas: an oil plant of unfulfilled promise’, Biomass and bioenergy, 19(1), pp. 1–15.
Prasetyo, A. (2023) ‘The efficiency of use of production factors for rice through mechanization in Sukoharjo’, in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing, p. 012037.
Quddus, A. and Kropp, J.D. (2020) ‘Constraints to agricultural production and marketing in the lagging regions of Bangladesh’, Sustainability, 12(10), p. 3956.
Rahim, H. et al. (2022) ‘Economic potential of rice precision farming in malaysia: the case study of Felcra Seberang Perak’, Precision Agriculture, pp. 1–18.
Rajashekhar, K., Jagadeeswary, V. and Shree, J.S. (2023) ‘Socio-economic and psychological characteristics of livestock farmers owning Khillar cattle of Karnataka’, Res. Jr. Agril Sci, 14(1), pp. 156–159.
Ranjan, S. (no date) ‘Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Indian Agriculture’.
Rifki, M., Khoiriyah, N. and Sudjoni, M.N. (2020) ‘Pendapatan dan Efisiensi Usahatani Padi di Desa Pendem, Kecamatan Junrejo, Kota Batu’, p. 7.
Sa'diyah, Ana Arifatus, Ratya Anindita, Nuhfil Hanani, and Abdul Wahib Muhaimin. (2019) "The strategic food demand for non poor rural households in Indonesia." EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 13(2), pp. 2197-2202.
Simmons, P., Winters, P. and Patrick, I. (2005) ‘An analysis of contract farming in East Java, Bali, and Lombok, Indonesia’, Agricultural Economics, 33, pp. 513–525.
Sinambela, E.A. and Djaelani, M. (2022) ‘Cost Behavior Analysis and Categorization’, Journal of Social Science Studies (JOS3), 2(1), pp. 13–16.
Talakua, E.W., Kakisina, L.O. and Timisela, N.R. (2022) ‘Strategi Pengembangan Ternak Kambing Lakor: Pendekatan Produksi, Pendapatan, dan Analisis Swot’, Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian (J-SEP), 15(1), pp. 59–76.
Thapa, S. et al. (2020) ‘Survey on gender role in rice production by farmers of Nuwakot district, Nepal’, Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 5(2), pp. 164–167. Available at: https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2020.0502012.
Tran, D., Vu, H.T. and Goto, D. (2022) ‘Agricultural land consolidation, labor allocation and land productivity: A case study of plot exchange policy in Vietnam’, Economic Analysis and Policy, 73, pp. 455–473.
Turukay, I.M., SP, Ms. and Luhukay, J.M. (2023) ‘Analysis Of Income And Feasibility Of Rice Farming Before And During Covid-19 In Seram Utara Timur Kobi Sub-District’, International Journal of Economics, Business and Innovation Research, 2(01), pp. 169–178.
Udimal, T.B. et al. (2017) ‘Factors influencing the agricultural technology adoption: The case of improved rice varieties (Nerica) in the Northern Region, Ghana’, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 8(8), pp. 137–148.
Watson, P. and Winfree, J. (2022) ‘Should we use antitrust policies on big agriculture?’, Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 44(3), pp. 1313–1326.
Yamane, Y. (no date) ‘Wage labor in rice cultivation areas near Lake Victoria in Western Kenya’, Afr. J. Agric. Res., p. 11.
Yasa, I.N.A. (no date) ‘Analisis Produksi dan Pendapatan Usahatani Padi Sawah di Desa Bonemarawa Kecamatan Riopakava Kabupaten Donggala’, p. 8.
Published
2023-08-19
How to Cite
KHOIRIYAH, Nikmatul et al.
Analyzing The Cost of Paddy Rice Labor in Indonesia: A Case Study in Ten Tons Syngenta Project.
JSEP (Journal of Social and Agricultural Economics), [S.l.], v. 16, n. 2, p. 189-204, aug. 2023.
ISSN 2356-2382.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JSEP/article/view/38160>. Date accessed: 10 may 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/jsep.v16i2.38160.
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