Preventive Measures of Cyberbullying on Adolescents in Indonesia: A Legal Analysis

: The increasing internet penetration in Indonesia has provided adolescents to expose pornographic content advertently. It inevitably includes other adverse impacts like fraud and violence, which begin with cyberspace. Also, cyberbullies on the internet have become a serious concern on how the government has anticipated it to prevent more practices in this cross-border experience. This study aimed to address the causes and impacts of online-based media on adolescents with the following preventive measures to reduce increasing cases of cyberbullying in Indonesia. This study used legal research in assessing the issue by sourcing primary data from statutory regulations and secondary data from academic resources. This study showed that cyberbullying continues to become an annoying issue among children, adolescents, and adults. The existing regulations provide insufficient protection preventing these practices because it does not specifically regulate its types and forms at defining cyberbullying. It suggested introducing a more specific regulation that outlines cyberbullying in ensuring the protection amidst the more borderless communication to prevent more adverse impacts on victims.


I. INTRODUCTION
In 2020, Indonesia's population reached 273 million, 1 which put it as the largest country in Southeast Asia, ranked 5th in world population. 2 The World Bank reported that more than half of the population, approximately 53,7%, have accessed the internet, including social media. 3 Consequently, internet penetration is relatively significant. On the other hand, there was a prevalent experience that students using technological devices at junior high school were inadvertently exposed to pornographic content. 4 It asserts that smartphones could open access to pornographic content. Therefore, despite the benefits, the drawbacks are inevitable on accessing pornography. It includes other adverse impacts like fraud and violence, which begin with cyberspace.
In this context, the primary demographics of internet users in Indonesia were adolescents. According to the Indonesian Internet Providers Association (APJII), the age group of adolescents using the internet is increasingly growing, consisting of 12.5 million users at the age of 15-19 (late adolescent) and 765 thousand users at the age of 10-15 (early adolescent). 5 A further study conducted by the Indonesian Ministry of Communication and Information Technology indicated that the majority of the respondents (80%) used the internet to find data and information for school assignments or keep in touch with their friends through social media (70%). 6 Others used the internet to access music (65%) or video (39%) sites. 7 The findings concluded that 80% of children and adolescents use the internet, and most go online every day or once a week. 8 Along with this more profound in using the internet, the bullying in cyberspace, commonly called cyberbullying, has increased. Cyberbullying is a new crime using technology that implies intimidation in which the suspects harass the victims through technological devices because the suspects want the victims harassed. There are many ways to attack the victims, such as through unpleasant messages and disturbing pictures to embarrass the victims. A study showed that 50% of 41 adolescents in Indonesia ranging from 13-15 have experienced cyberbullying, 84% of children aged 12-17 years old have experienced bullying, and most cases were cyberbullying. 9 Cyberbullying includes publishing private data, cyberstalking (leading to real-world stalking), and acts of revenge by publishing photos or videos for intimidation and extortion. 10 Cyberbullying can have a psychological impact on the victims. In a study, it turned out that 37% of students say that cyberbullying has more impact on the victims. 11 The effect hurts feelings and deteriorates one's self and psychological condition, leading to depression, sadness, and frustration.
One of the severe impacts caused by cyberbullying is the victims' tendency to attempt suicide. A study carried out by Patchin & & Hinduja revealead that 20% of the respondent have contemplated suicide, and all forms of bullying are significantly associated with the increased suicide attempts. 12 These previous studies indicate the negative impacts of cyberbullying on adolescents. Regarding the rampant cases of cyberbullying in Indonesia and adolescents' limited knowledge about this issue, preventive measures are urgently needed to prevent the negative impacts of cyberbullying on adolescents.
This study aimed to address the causes and impacts of online-based media on adolescents with the following preventive measures to reduce increasing cases of cyberbullying in Indonesia. This study comprises two main parts of the discussion. The first part examines the causes and impacts of cyberbullying in current adolescents. The second part analyzes measures to reduce adolescent cyberbullying cases, comprising self-prevention and preventive measures from parents, as per underlying existing legal issues.

II. METHODS
The method used was legal research, 13 focusing on addressing problems in interpreting statutory regulations, given it is on human domination as an interpreter. 14 This paper divided sources into primary and secondary data. The primary data focused on binding legal materials such as norms or basic rules. Meanwhile, secondary legal materials were legal materials that explain primary legal materials, including books, journal articles, academic papers, dictionaries, and web pages.

A. Causes of Cyberbullying on the Current Adolescents
Early adolescence is a transitional period from childhood to adolescence. Adolescence is often regarded as a period in which individuals seek selfrecognition and self-identification by exploring and assessing their psychological characteristics to be accepted as a part of society. 15 The internet can facilitate adolescents in adjusting themselves to the digital era as they can use the internet to learn, share information, and communicate. 16 On the other hand, adolescents encounter serious problems related to the use of the internet. Many of them are addicted to online games, exposed to sexual materials, and involved in online betting or cyberstalking, experience violence, sexual harassment, and other types of cybercrime. 17 One of the challenges adolescents face is that they are vulnerable to cyberbullying, either suspects or victims. 18 To be sure, cyberspace is different from the real world that quickly facilitates adolescents in socializing and sending messages through internet services. It includes the way adolescents use social media to interact with others. In communication science, a person's interaction emerges on social media through applications of new technology devices such as the internet, smartphones, and computers. 19 This process utilizes the media for specific purposes. 20 Several studies reveal that heavy internet use and poor internet skills are the major causes of cyberbullying. 21 Adolescents experience cyberbullying every day, so that they are likely to consider this as an ordinary phenomenon. Cyberbullying seems like a daily routine for both the suspects and victims-including when they talk to each other in school and go home and access the internet. The form is like Writing hurtful things through instant messages, text messages, or online games. Post insulting messages on social networking sites. Post or share embarrassing photos or videos Creating a fake profile to embarrass someone. 22 Even though cyberbullying is not an ordinary phenomenon, cyberbullying is harsh treatment by a person or group of people, 23 using the help of electronic devices that are repeated and continuous on a target who has difficulty defending himself. In other words, cyberbullying is intimidation by someone or more to corner, discredit others through the cyber world. 24 Cyberbullying is a term that refers to bullying behavior that occurs online such as online aggression, harassment, and aggression to attack individuals electronically. Cyberbullying is not a trivial issue. It often creates negative impacts on the victims. A survey in 2015 involving 2.731 adolescents from 13 to 15 years old revealed that 49% of the victims lost their confidence, 47% felt anxious, and 38% tried to change themselves. 32 At the same time, other data showed 30% thought cyberbullying was a real-world disorder, 28% took revenge by sending something rude, 24% did self-harm, 22% changed their appearance to avoid harassment, 16% wanted revenge, and 13% stopped using social media or networking applications. 33 Cyberbullying refers to bullying through instant messaging, e-mail, chat room, website, video games, or messages sent via cell phone. This bullying behavior arises and develops from various environmental factors. The factors include family, school, and peer group. Moreover, cyberbullying behavior can also be motivated by revenge, anger, or frustration. It can also be caused by the suspects' lack of positive activities while various technological facilities are widely available and easily accessible, leading to deviant behavior. It is assumed that the suspects are the victims of bullying in the real world who want revenge and express their anger. 34 In the theory of the Male Phenomenon, men are more naughty than women. The main reason is that delinquency is considered a male nature, or the masculinity culture views that it is natural for men to be naughty. 35 However, this is not entirely true because both men and women participate in cyberbullying for different reasons. They also use different methods. Women tend to use a passive approach, such as spreading rumors about reputation and relationship breakdown. Meanwhile, men tend to use direct and cyber threats as a means of revenge. Furthermore, another view says that women often become the target of cyberbullying in their actions, while men tend to be the main suspect of violence in cyberspace.
The statement that women are more likely to be considered targets of cyberbullying is supported by some data. A survey was raised from the Application Poll (Jakpat) of 512 female respondents in Indonesia aged 16-45 years. 36 Around 12.52% of users stated that they had experienced verbal and visual harassment when accessing dating apps. 37 The form of cyberbullying accepted by women is usually sexual content or pornographic images, sending profanity and being slandered by the perpetrator. 38 As for cyberbullying cases that occur in young girls in Indonesia, based on data from the National The influence of the internet and social media has penetrated many areas. To be sure, it has positive and negative impacts, especially if the perpetrators are young people. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out socialization activities regarding the ethics of communicating to students at school to manage their social media accounts ethically. It is hoped that the use of social media for various purposes is very rapid among teenagers to positively contribute to the development of the creative industry in the country. Another fact reveals that democracy in every aspect of life in this modern era allows people to equalize rights between men and women. In this regard, the number of crimes committed by women is increasing dramatically. Based on the insight above, it is reasonable to argue that cyberbullying carried out by adolescents is not limited to gender because both men and women are potentially involved in the action, which is motivated by certain purposes.
Cyberbullying is carried out in diverse types and methods. It can be direct cyberbullying or indirect cyberbullying (by proxy). The former refers to bullying, which is carried out by sending direct messages to other adolescents targeted. The latter, on the contrary, is a type of bullying which uses another person to do cyberbullying on the targeted victims. The suspects can break into the victims' accounts, send uncomfortable messages, embarrass and abuse them, reset the password, and so on. Because of this action, the victims cannot access their accounts, lose their friends, feel embarrassed, and finally lose confidence. 42 Other views regarding the classification used for cyberbullying behavior include flaming, harassment, denigration, impersonation, outing and tricking someone into revealing embarrassing secrets or information shared via the internet, exclusion, and cyberstalking. 43 Specifically, the behaviors that students tend to use as perpetrators of cyberbullying are denigration  Cyberbullying should not only be directed at the victim's side but also at the perpetrator. A paper that researched the perpetrator by providing several respondents concluded that 16 respondents (21%) abused their victims for the sole purpose of joking, and 13 respondents (17%) were bullied because they wanted revenge. Simultaneously, five respondents (6%) were bullied because of the physical and psychological characteristics of the victim, five respondents (6%) were bullied on the internet because their identity was unknown, five respondents (6%) were bullied because they were angry with the victim. Also, four respondents (5%) were bullied because they wanted to entertain themselves, four respondents (5%) were bullied in cyberspace because they did not meet the victim in person. 46 Cyberbullying behavior motives arise from some aspects. First, revenge for bullying. By taking advantage of technological advances, the perpetrator takes bullying against others through social media. 47 Second, the motivation to do cyberbullying is based on the fun so that it becomes a habit. 48 Third, the behavior to imitate or act like someone else. 49 Fourth, the desire to be respected is often detrimental to others, leading to cyberbullying behavior. Using social media and an identity that most people do not know makes it easier for someone to bully to achieve his desire. Fifth, cyberbullying based on personal desire. The choice of cyberspace as a medium for bullying is because the assumption is only for jokes. Some parties think it is a joke, and some even think this is a serious matter until the victim is hurt and there is a desire to take revenge. The perpetrator's view of the impact of cyberbullying is almost the same as the victim's view. They assume that when someone becomes a victim of cyberbullying, they will feel sad, afraid, angry, anxious, and threatened by their bullying. However, some perpetrators think the victims feel happy because of the bullying they did. This assumption may arise may because they perceive their bullying as just a joke. 51 Bullying and other anti-social behaviors share similar biological, personal, family, peer group, school/institution, and society. Several factors influence the suspects' motives in doing cyberbullying. The first is a family predictor. Bullying is closely related to family predictors such as insecure attachment, harsh physical discipline, and victim of overprotective parenting. 52 Children or adolescents unconsciously project their inner discomfort (caused by family and home environment breakdown) into open conflicts or individual and mass confrontation. In other words, adolescents' tendency to provoke confrontation can be stimulated by poor household conditions. Harsh treatment and abuse by parents are likely to be risk factors influencing the bully or victim. In addition, family conditions that are troubled, chaotic, disorganized, arbitrary, uneducated, and less cherish humanity's value will automatically and unconsciously pass over bad habits and behaviors. As a result, children become arbitrary, wild, aggressive, and likely to use violence and cause confrontation in resolving problems. 53 The second is internal factors. The behavior which leads to crime is a failure in children's self-control system against their instinctive impulse. In other words, adolescents cannot control their instinct and primitive impulse and realize them into valuable and cultured actions. 54 The third is external factors. External or exogenous factors are also known as environmental 51 Afriyeni, supra note 18. influences, social factors, or sociological factors. They refer to stimuli and external influences leading to specific behaviors in adolescents (violence, crime, and mass confrontation). Peer groups and the school also generally have a significant impact in making students suspect of bullying.

B. Impacts of Cyberbullying on Adolescents
While bullying occurs in cyberspace, the victims can feel attacked everywhere, even in their own homes. There is seemingly no way out. It can have long-lasting impacts which influence the victims in many ways. They are mentally, 55 emotionally, 56 and physically. 57 It has a long-term impact on the development of a person and even forms an attitude and mental maturity later. Victims of bullying will behave aggressively and easily commit acts of greatness even if not handled early, making adolescents take unexpected actions. The impact of cyberbullying in the early stages of the victim will feel uneasy and insecure about reducing concentration, especially in adolescents, which is very detrimental. The reason is that concentration in learning is vital. Thus, it will affect decreasing academic grades. Besides, cyberbullying can have a more severe negative impact on victims. They are social isolation, depression, self-harm, drug use, and teenagers can have suicidal ideas because they are not strong enough to experience the pressure they receive. 58 The feeling of being laughed or harassed by others can lead to an unwillingness to communicate. Cyberbullying can even prompt suicide. However, this problem can be overcome, and the victims can also regain their confidence and recover their mental health. Given the magnitude of the danger caused by this incident, it is necessary to continue developing efforts to provide awareness to the public, mainly social media users, to use it wisely and adequately and anticipate all things that can harm and hurt 55 The victims will feel annoyed, embarrassed, fooled, and even angry. 56 The victims will feel embarrassed or lose interest in things they like. 57 The victims will feel tired (lack of sleep) or experience such symptoms as stomachache and headaches. others. Spreading hatred, threats, and anger on social media is an act of violence with a broad and severe impact. Cyberbullying often feels superior and justifies the behavior he is doing towards the victim. 59 The motive of someone doing cyberbullying is complicated to get rid of because it will cause branching problems. Attention to the perpetrators and victims of bullying is the responsibility of all parties. Because the perpetrators of cyberbullying include friends of victims and even people who are not known based on just wanting to joke, taking revenge with bullying in the real world make this problem, if not stopped as early as possible, drag on. Even perpetrators hide behind false guises on social media and commit cyberbullies against their friends, some of whom get personal satisfaction. From the victim's perspective, most of them are indifferent to the treatment they receive or even allow, and the worst part is that this reprisal is the cause of cyberbullying to take root.
Two current kinds of challenges make cyberbullying difficult to prevent. The first challenge is that many people do not consider the dangers or serious repercussions of cyberbullying. People perceive other forms of aggression or aggression that are more serious than cyberbullying. The second challenge relates to who is responsible for the abuse of technology, especially social media. 60 Some of the perpetrators admitted that they did not know that what they had done was wrong. It is just for fun and does not mean anything, someone who does not know internet ethics can plunge himself into a cyberbully. 61 Even though cyberbullying can have a psychological impact on victims who become depressed, people who experience cyberbullying can become depressed because they are constantly getting bad and negative messages that make them depressed and end up in a state of depression. The truth that cyberbullying can lead to death is because many victims end up committing suicide.

IV. MEASURES OF REDUCING CYBERBULLYING CASES ON ADOLESCENTS
While everyone has the potential to practice cyberbullying, protection plays a pivotal role in avoiding it. Parents need to notice this issue because cyberbullying cases, on average, involve adolescents as either the suspect or victim. In other words, the aim is to prepare children as early as possible for the concept of sex and its forms of abuse, which are acts and words. Families and schools have an essential contribution in preventing harassment about sexuality. Sex-related information inevitably becomes more open as technology advances. It is better if sex education is taught appropriately and no longer thinks that sex education is a learning activity that is taboo to convey to children. 62 The following measures can be applied to prevent cyberbullying.

A. Self-prevention
Many cases of cyberbullying today stem from the victim himself. Many things unwittingly place a person as a victim. In social interaction, communication ethics must be instilled in oneself. The ethics of communicating on social media guide thinking, acting, and behaving, referring to the rules of law and norms that apply in society and are expressed in actions and speech. 63 The ethical principle to communicate is vital because young people use social media above their age, even though 18-21 years old are quite rampant to be the primary social media users. Unlike adults who can generally filter good or bad things from the internet, teenagers as internet users are just the opposite. Apart from not sorting out useful internet activities, they tend to be easily influenced by their social While a person is known to be cyberbullying other people, it is essential to ensure that the perpetrator understands that he is doing is wrong. It is not uncommon for cyberbullies to feel that what they do will not affect the life of the person who is being hurt. It is consistent with the cockpit effect as described in the previous part. Perpetrators should also participate in faceto-face communication activities to restore empathy, such as hobby clubs, sports clubs, and hone skills. 65

B. Preventive Measures from Parents
Because cyberbullying has severe impacts on adolescents, parents play an essential role in this condition. Family is the initial place for children to get an education. There are some preventive measures parents can take: 66

Providing safe internet education
Giving education about safe social networks to children is the most fundamental step in preventing cyberbullying. Parents need to give an understanding of what children can and cannot do on social media. Parents also need to teach them how to manage privacy on each account. Parents also need to educate the posts that what children post cannot be truly deleted, so they need to be more selective in posting something.

Understanding the social media
Many social media, applications, and websites accessed by adolescents and parents can check what children most frequently access. Parents can further understand the policies applied by certain media, applications, or websites. They also need to understand how the users use the media and the age policy applied by the media.

Monitoring online activities
As parents, it is essential to frequently monitor online activities carried out by children by finding out with whom they are connected and what they do. In this case, parents need to approach children slowly so that they do not feel intimidated. In order to make it easier, parents can use similar social media to monitor the activities carried out by children in cyberspace so that parents can understand what children do.
Monitoring children's online activities by parents is very necessary, especially in today's era. Many supporting applications can carry out this monitoring. They are such as secure teen parental control. By using this application, children's activities can be monitored 24 hours. This application can track social networking sites, check web history, and control children's activities with their gadgets. Besides that, HomeTube, TimeAway, Kakatu, Kid Mode: Free Games + Lock, and many more applications can be optimized to monitor children's online activities.

Educating to deal with cyberbullying
Although children can do self-protection, educating them to deal with cyberbullying is worth trying. Some suggestions can be made, starting from not responding, ignoring, or blocking the bullying.

Playing the role of a friend
It is also helpful for parents to play the role of a friend for children. This may not directly prevent cyberbullying, but this way enables parents to understand children's lives. All the points mentioned can be easily understood as children will feel more comfortable sharing their privacy with friends than parents. Hence, playing the role of a friend will make children more comfortable, and the support given can be readily accepted. Apart from themselves being assisted by the participation of parents, third parties must participate in preventing cyberbullying. Because cyberbullying occurs in cyberspace through social media, companies that oversee social media must have a sense of responsibility for all user activities.
Social media providers have a big responsibility to prevent online bullying from occurring. The first steps are to provide educational tools and guides for children, parents, and teachers to learn about risks and ways to stay safe online and provide simple steps such as blocking, shutting down, and reporting cyberbullying. Apart from these companies in Indonesia, in particular, it has regulations related to online activities.
Through Law 11/2008, in conjunction with Law 19/2016 on Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law), cyberbullying is categorized into hate speech, although it is not very specific. However, at least there is a basis for reference to provide a deterrent effect on the perpetrators of bullying. Cyberbullying is a new form of crime based in cyberspace. There are still many countries that do not specifically regulate it. The enforcement of these rules is sometimes an extension of the interpretation of a regulation. Article 310(1) of the Criminal Code stated that a person who blasphemes in writing with no evidence of truth could be punished with a criminal offense of slander. Then, Article 310(2) states that a person who attacks others' honor or reputation in public is included in the classification of defamation.
The two articles are listed in Chapter XVI on Insult, with the concept being almost the same as cyberbullying done in cyberspace. Furthermore, bullying in other forms is considered intimidation. There is no use of the term intimidation from the Criminal Code, but acts related to bullying, one of which is persecution, can be seen in Article 351 of the Criminal Code. 67 The Criminal Code requires a complaint mechanism for the initial prosecution. Article 319 states that prosecution can only be carried out based on a complaint from a victim. It is reiterated in Article 27(3) of the ITE Law reviewed in the Constitutional Court Decision Number 50/PUU-VI/2008 that confirms it an offense on the complaint. They will be legally sued when there are complaints from others. It becomes more arduous to prevent cyberbullying because the treatment tends to embarrass. Consequently, most victims keep it a secret compared to sharing it with others, even with their parents.
Open communication between parents and children is difficult to build when it does not start from the parents themselves. Generating respect, empathy, and paying attention to changes in children's behavior are needed to resolve the handling quickly. The ability of parents to understand changes in children's attitudes helps children open up problems that are being experienced. The characteristics of victims of cyberbullying are shown by passive behavior, which is a communication style that places the rights of others before placing personal rights and suppresses self-esteem or worthiness. The victims choose defensiveness to protect themselves from the threats they respond to in communication situations rather than understanding other's messages. The communication situation here is that the victim reacts to cyberbullying attacks, either in writing comments containing angry emotions towards one of the perpetrators or comments defending themselves by insulting the perpetrator who continues to insult the victim. 68 By reducing the risk of surfing, the active role of all parties is paramount in providing supervision, guidance, and direction to use the internet positively. It is mainly for teenagers who are still looking for their identity to not fall into wrong associations. Sex education should be taught from an early age. Sex education is not about supporting children to have sexual intercourse but explaining the natural function of sex as a part of themselves and the consequences of being abused. 69 The Criminal Code regulates cyberbullying, such as defamation of someone's name to humiliate and insult another person. 70 Emphasis on the final description above of the Criminal Code can only be applied in the real world, thus complicating the provisions of this article for the perpetrators of cyberbullying. In contrast to the opinion that the Criminal Code only covers problems in the real world, Mardjono Reksodiputro A criminologist Budi Suhariyantio stated that computer crime is actually not a new crime and is still within the scope of the Criminal Code to handle it. 71 Regulations for dealing with computer crimes should be integrated into the Criminal Code and not a separate law. Emphasis on the final description above the Criminal Code can only be applied in the real world, making it more difficult to provide this article to the perpetrators of cyberbullying.  (3), 27(4), 28(2), and 29, as mentioned earlier.
The enforcement of cyberbullying cases is indeed quite complex. It fulfills the requirements of Articles 183 and 184 of the Criminal Procedure Code. The proof is a requirement to give confidence to the judge to issue a decision. Judges are prohibited from making their own decisions without being convicted of at least two existing valid pieces of evidence. With the enactment of the ITE Law, electronic evidence at the stage of an investigation, prosecution, and examination at court proceedings legally applies to any person who commits acts of Indonesian law or outside the Indonesian jurisdiction, which has consequences for Indonesian law and harms Indonesia's interests. 79 The formulation of the ITE Law is flexible, and the law enforcement is carried out with the rule of interpretation. Indeed, the repressive laws have failed to fulfill the ideals of certainty, justice, and benefit for citizens.

V. CONCLUSION
Cyberbullying continues to become an annoying issue among children, adolescents, and adults. It is considered an act of intimidation, abuse, or deliberate harassment encountered by adolescents on the internet. Cyberbullying often does not receive special attention, and some parties even do not take it seriously. Cyberbullying causes severe threats to healthy development within school life. The suspects are likely to be involved in juvenile delinquency, crime, and alcohol abuse. The victims can also face long-term effects in which they potentially fall into depression and lose self-esteem. On the other hand, the existing regulations provide insufficient protection preventing these practices because it does not specifically regulate its types and forms at defining cyberbullying. It suggested introducing a more specific regulation that outlines cyberbullying in ensuring the protection amidst the more borderless communication to prevent more adverse impacts on victims. 79 Mukhlishotin, supra note 24.