International Legal Instruments in Responding to Human Trafficking

Human trafficking grows and develops rapidly, with various motives and types of crimes. Various obstacles are faced in handling human trafficking cases, ranging from inadequate legal instruments to weak law enforcement. This study overviewed the international legal instrument on human trafficking cases, following the identification of the recent forms and issues in enquiring how international legal instruments deal with human trafficking. This study used legal research method by referring to international laws as the source of law in compiling this human trafficking research. This study found that various instruments and international cooperation have dealt with human trafficking cases. However, in various related studies, these different legal instruments did not have a clear and binding force when the issue occurs in the domestic state. In addition, human trafficking in various legal instruments also had many types, and all of them are interrelated. This study highlighted and concluded that in making various international legal instruments effective in this case, more intensive international cooperation was needed, both regionally and globally.


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intellectual property rights, and money laundering. 6 The rationale of this categorization considers the UN Office's report on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in 2010 that human trafficking has steadily increased at the international level. 7 There were around 800.000 people trafficked every year, spreading across countries; 40.3 million people worldwide were victims of human trafficking. 8 They were sold, bought, shipped, and forced to work by certain parties, and 10 million of them were children. 9 This amount significantly increased as released by the UNODC in 2020. More than 1.000.000 people have become victims of human trafficking, including men, women, boys, and girls. 10 Those affected by this problem are from emerging countries because of various sectors. These sectors are the state condition under national security and political stability, making emerging countries easy targets for human trafficking activities. 11 While countries are inseparable from human trafficking, each country can be a transit point or destination for marketing human trafficking victims; most come from emerging countries. 12 The United States is evidenced as a developed country with the largest market for human trafficking. The latest data from the National Human Trafficking Hotline of the United States in 2021 also released that 63,380 human trafficking cases were reported in December 2007. 13 From 2016 until mid-2019, there were 4,906 cases of human trafficking in Indonesia. 14 Several factors can influence human trafficking. The first is the poverty that exists in the community. Economic reasons strongly influence human trafficking, especially for the poor in underdeveloped and developing countries. The second factor is a large population in a country, which is also correlated with the first. With a large population in most underdeveloped and developing countries, the existing job opportunities cannot accommodate all. The third is the patriarchal culture, which is still attached and valid in several global south countries. The patriarchal culture only gives benefits to men as the most favored gender in society.
On the contrary disadvantages women because of their lower position than men, resulting in pressure in society. Therefore, women are easier to become the human trafficking target than men. It encourages women, as the victims of human trafficking, to be sold or sent to prostitution. 20 In practice, the parties or persons that commit human trafficking use several ways in doing its deeds. For example, the perpetrators kidnap and sell the victim for prostitution that operates outside the jurisdiction. Otherwise, the perpetrator tricks victims into getting a job in a certain good workplace, but they subsequently end up being put in or sold into prostitution. 21 Also, some victims are sold by the family with a belief of being employed as servants or households. However, they often experienced contract marriage with an unknown person. Such a practice in human trafficking result from the development of technology and information, evolving into more sophisticated ways to convince victims. 22 Some impacts are caused by human trafficking actions, such as psychological impact, social impact, and physical health impact. As mentioned before, women are more vulnerable to becoming victims of human trafficking than men, making women also tend to have the worse effect caused by human trafficking. Women's psychological impact as the 20 Paul Harpur & Heather Douglas, "Disability, Domestic Violence, and Human Rights." In: Reilly N. victims of human trafficking usually includes disturbance, phobia, confusion, panic attack, fear, and disorientation. Some of these things can be caused by female victims who are always socially isolated, confined, and physically threatened. 23 The social impact is also caused by the isolation from the social life experienced by the victim. It can cause the female victim to be isolated if she returns to society and loses the meaning and purpose of life, which mostly ends in committing suicide. 24 All-female human trafficking victims experience the impact of physical health itself. Most of them experience physical and sexual violence every day according to the type of human trafficking they experience. 25 Coupled with the victims who are not given access to health, their bodies are very vulnerable to disease. The disease itself includes physical injuries from torture as well as sexually transmitted infections resulting from sex trafficking.
Some previous studies emphasized that law enforcement and the protection of human trafficking cases still faced many challenges. One of which is the weakness in the implementation of international legal policies in this case. 26 Instead, this study explicitly analyzes various international legal instruments in dealing with human trafficking cases, both in the context of international law and international cooperation. Crimes against human trafficking have been regulated in various international legal instruments. 27 23 Tiffany Dovydaitis, supra note 23. 24 Jane Gillette, "Human Trafficking" (2012)  Fourth is the arrangement of marriages between countries by order (mail-order bride) where the bride does not know the actual condition of the prospective husband. 31 Fifth is the recruitment of children to become workers in several business units; in factories with low wages and working conditions that threaten their bodies' health, mental, and morals. 32 Sixth, the infant's release without using the correct way and the legal process or due process of law. 33 In the case of human trafficking, it is not only related to human rights, but also other forms of crime such as illegal documents, torture, coercion, slavery, and embezzlement, where according to UNODC, these cases developed in line with the development of international mobility flows and economic needs. UNODC revealed that sex trafficking cases are the most dominant cases occurring globally with various forms of motives. 34

A. Sex Trafficking
Sex trafficking is one of the forms of human trafficking that most happen in various countries in this world. Traffickers widely use sex trafficking to get women and children for sexual exploitation after doing money entrapment to the victims. It is argued that sex trafficking is the most extreme form of slavery in this modern era. It is because more than 54% of its victims are sexually exploited, according to the 2016 UNODC global report. 35 Sex trafficking is further divided into several types, namely prostitution, online sex chat, pornographic content, and sex tourism.

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In terms of profit, sex trafficking can generate more than 99 million dollars globally. 36 In the meantime, the most trafficked victims are women and children in a series of money fraud or kidnapping. In addition to the number of victims of sex trafficking among children alone is estimated at more than 1 million. 37 From the mode of crime, the perpetrator of sex trafficking from various countries offers a permanent job interspersed with high wages to the victim and then "orders" from the victim's parents or family, even by coercion.

B. Labor Trafficking
Labor trafficking has become the most common form of human trafficking and also slavery in this modern era. There are more than 24.9 million people tied to this type of human trafficking. 38 Usually, the victims are promised a more better-paid job or good opportunities by the perpetrators. However, instead of getting the job, they are instead sent to horrendous working conditions.
Victims are forced to work without any recognition of their rights as human beings. Labor trafficking has again been divided into three forms: bonded labor, child labor, and forced labor. 39 Bonded labor is done by using debt bondage to the victims. There are no specified conditions and terms of service that must be done to pay off the victim's debt, which the perpetrator himself unworthily assesses in the form of victim service. In other words, who determines all this activity is not the victim but the perpetrator himself.
Child labor is the same prohibited activity as forced labor, but what distinguishes it is in the victims, child labor. The victims come from among those who are still minors or can be called children. In its practice, this kind of labor trafficking endangers the child's condition as the victim, whether it 36 Jean Allain, "Genealogies of Human Trafficking and Slavery. is their health, mental or educational condition. Forced labor is a job where the workers are forced to work in full threat, violence, and punishment. This kind of labor trafficking is carried out in a hidden place and away from public places. Tracking these places becomes more difficult to detect, full of inhumane behavior towards the workers, and over time this practice has become more widespread in other jurisdictions. Victims are also prohibited from going outside the working area into public areas, making them victims of confinement. The cause of forced labor quickly happens partly because of low wages or salaries, lack of regulations or control regarding proper working conditions, and the high demand for low-wage workers.

C. Human Organ Trafficking
Human trafficking is carried out in the field to enslave or exploit the victims who have been taken and harvest the victim's organs to be sold either to certain individuals or the black market. Human organ trafficking had become the most complex form of human trafficking, with a profit of 840 million until 1.7 billion dollars per year. 40 It is estimated that more than 10% of all transplanted organs to be trafficked. 41 The most trafficked organs were such as kidneys, lungs, livers, corneas, and hearts. In practice, the victims are forced to sell their organs for low prices through a mediator. It is not uncommon for many of them to be tempted by the offer due to the poverty factor experienced by most people. However, many of them had their organs stolen without their consideration. For example, they were unconscious when they were hospitalized.

D. Forced Criminality
Forced criminality also becomes the kind of human trafficking that uses elements of threat or coercion. Criminal actions such as ATM theft,

E. Forced Marriages
Forced marriages for certain countries are a common activity because of cultural reasons. Moreover, it is not often that the victims of this forced marriage get various violence perpetrated by a forced husband. However, many of the victims are still minors or children. It depends on the cultural relativity that adult women experience forced marriage.

F. Mail-Order Bride
Mail-order bride refers to purchase or service to victims through electronic mail media. The trick is that the buyer orders the product (female) desired via several methods, such as by telephone or website. One kind of mailborder bride can also be a forced marriage where the parents arrange the marriage. The mail-order bride can be considered an act of human trafficking sexually and economically through fraud, torture, and document retention. Its victims cannot escape from exploitation and the closure of access to information and communication with family. 44

G. Child Trafficking
Child trafficking itself is not far from other forms of human trafficking that had been explained before, like sex trafficking, human organ trafficking, child labor, forced criminality, and forced marriage. cases, the victims of child trafficking are often put on the battlefield as child soldiers. This case can be seen in conflict areas globally, mostly done by extremist groups.

H. International Illegal Child Adoption
The purpose of international illegal child adoption is actually for the interest of selling children to get profit. The victims of this criminal activity are children born from a hospital whose existence is not legally registered. Then, the victims are easily adopted only for the perpetrator's economic interests who are committing this crime. The perpetrator often bribes the authorities, law enforcers, and local government officials to get assistance in the form of approval of their fake documents. Those documents are one of the conditions that must be fulfilled to allow child adoption. 45

I. Household Slavery
Household slavery is a follow-up effect of forced labor in which the victims are not only women and children but also men. Victims are taken from underdeveloped countries where the level of education of the people is still low. 46 Therefore, with the limitations of knowledge that the victims have, they are easily swayed by the perpetrator's persuasion and become objects of household slavery. As that happens, like in forced labor, the perpetrator's mode in making the victim has no power to fight is to send them to a different country where the language is used in there is not the same as the victim's mother tongue. 47

J. Debt Bondage
Debt bondage is also one of the forms of mode in human trafficking. This debt consists of the amount of money to be paid to families of victims and perpetrators, transport fees, bribe money given to officials or law enforcers, and the cost of living for the victim that the perpetrator bears with the worse cases is that the amount of money to be paid to the family and the perpetrator it turns out to be double and accompanied by the interest for each cost. 48 To prevent the victim from running away before paying off their debts, the offenders usually put them in apartments guarded by guards or more, factories, perpetrators' homes, or brothels. However, if they try to escape, the victims are often deported to another country that uses a different language from the victim, the same as the household slavery case. 49

IV. INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES
International law has viewed human trafficking as an activity and a crime that must be immediately eradicated from the international community, threatening the world community's stability and security. This statement can be proven by international law itself had provided several regulations regarding human trafficking activities. The general view in international law regarding human trafficking has been included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) as the milestone of human rights in modern times. Article 4 of the Declaration states that no shall be held in slavery or servitude: slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. 50 This Declaration explicitly emphasizes that slavery is one of the common enemies in the crime of human trafficking, where in some cases, slavery is often found in addition to other forms of human trafficking.
In the same context, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) stated the same in the UDHR. Article 8 outlines that no one shall be held in slavery; Slavery the slave trade in all their forms shall be prohibited. 51 From the two provisions before, it is clear that from the provision in Article 4 of the UDHR and Article 8 of the ICCPR, all forms of slavery are acts that must be stopped and prohibited. However, the definition or term of "slavery" itself in those two provisions is not explained Suppression of the White Slave Traffic, which both discusses the issue of white slavery that occurs in Europe at the end of 19 th Century.

A. The 1904 Agreement for the Suppression of the White Slave Traffic
The purpose of establishing the 1904 Agreement as the early stage in eradicating human trafficking activity is to fulfill the international aspiration for an effective crackdown on white slave traffic as the criminal traffic. The 1904 agreement has several functions in its services which cover administrative function by establishing an agreement to monitor existing phenomena and contrary to requiring legislative action that includes mandatory criminalization of what has been termed "white slavery" as a domestic crime. 55 For this purpose, the 1904 Agreement focuses on the states' commitment to formulate measures related to victim identification, gathering information that could lead to criminal investigations, monitoring railway stations, ports of embarkation and ports of travel, and personnel training. Thus, these steps allow them to detect victims of trafficking. In addition, the agreement also calls on the countries concerned under the agreement to provide repatriation assistance to identified victims and provide security and jobs. Although the 1904 Agreement referred to the criminal traffic and the white slave trade, the document or preparatory work inside it did not clearly explain the legal implications of these concepts.
However, the 1904 Agreement had become the first international legal basis of human trafficking actions. Article 1 states that the governments of each state party to the agreement undertake to establish or appoint a competent authority to coordinate all information regarding the procurement of women or girls for unethical purposes abroad. This body will have direct links with similar bodies established in other countries on the agreement. 56 The 1904 Agreement only regulates trafficking between countries or states. It does not include intrastate transport and trafficking between the country and its colonies, which was still a lot at that time. It is 55 Ibid. 56 Article 1 of the 1904 Agreement. This Convention's critical point is that the 1910 Convention is the first international Convention to consider human trafficking as a transnational crime. The concept of trafficking in persons or human trafficking from the 1910 Convention still requires two elements. The first element is the acquisition, which is stipulated in Article 1 or 2 of the Convention to achieve the second element, namely immoral goals. 58 In dividing the types of offense in human trafficking activity, the 1910 Convention divides it into two types of offense. Human trafficking involves underage children and an offense that occurs in human trafficking involving adult women.
In particular, Article 1 excludes underage girls' defense because it states that "even with consent" is a crime of trafficking in persons. However, Article 2 does not include the term "women over the age." Therefore, it is 57 Jean Allain, "White Slave Traffic in International Law" (2017) 1:1 Journal of Trafficking and Human Exploitation 1-40. 58 Ibid.

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necessary to show compulsion to reject one's consent to achieve the first element. 59 Ultimately, however, based on paragraph B of the Final Protocol, the 1910 Convention clarifies that 'Women or girls underage' include women aged 20 years or younger. In contrast, women's overage refers to women aged 21 years or over. During the 1910 conference, the disagreement of several countries in the Convention, such as Germany, escalated into a heated debate because they believed that age limits should be determined by the country where human trafficking occurred. The 1910 Convention also referred to white slave traffic as women recruited for prostitution abroad. However, the 1910 Convention provides considerations even though it is still minimal about a person classified as a victim and actions categorized as human trafficking.

C. The 1921 Convention for the Suppression of Traffic in Women and Children
Apart from white slavery traffic as a form of human trafficking in the early 1900s, trafficking against women and children also became a problem. The 1921 Convention for the Suppression of Traffic in Women and Children is established, approved by 34 countries or states. The 1921 Convention was explicitly designed to complement the two pre-existing international trade instruments to eliminate trafficking in women and children. In terms of the categorization of victims, this Convention does not consider victims of their race or skin color. Child victims are no longer viewed from their gender, both female and male. 60 This Convention as a legal instrument aimed to strengthen the protection for girls who are still underage and children of both females and males with adult women is no longer included in this Convention.
In implementing the 1921 Convention, member states agreed to report on the steps that have been taken by the countries concerned in taking action against human trafficking periodically to prove their commitment to this 59 Article 1 and 2 of the 1910 Convention. 60 Nicole Siller, "'Modern Slavery': Does International Law Distinguish Between Slavery, Enslavement, and Trafficking?" (2016)  Convention. Then, as the advisory committee, the League of Nations established the 1927 Report as the essence of all reports submitted in the previous years, which determine four types of traffickers, among others, principals, mesdames, souteneurs, and intermediaries. 61 Principals are the one who usually owns the brothel as the "cage" of human trafficking activity, which is also seen as influential individuals. Mesdames is the one who manages the brothel that the principals own. Souteneurs are the ones who live on and from the earnings of one girl or more that were under his control. Furthermore, the intermediaries are the ones who have the task of securing and transporting the girls to mesdames or souteneurs. Thus, this report had become the first international report to formally disclose and transcribe an international perspective on the actual meaning of human trafficking, in this regard as a perverted mechanism for the collection and transport of prostitutes or women and girls for the interest of prostitution activity. 62 Discussion about human trafficking activity that involved women of full age is discussed in the following international Convention.

E. The 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Form of Discrimination Against Women
The 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Form of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) was established at the time when the issue of trafficking in persons re-emerged along with the increasing attention to women's human rights, then trafficking in persons especially trafficking in women, has become an international world concern. This Convention is also widely regarded as the charter of international rights for women.
This Convention defines human rights, norms, and standards of behavior and obligations that States parties to the Convention agree to fulfill. In general, this Convention provides a basic framework for equality between men and women. States that accept this Convention must commit to taking steps to eradicate discrimination against women of all kinds. First, it includes the principle of gender equality in their respective national legal systems by eliminating all discriminatory laws by adopting or enacting laws against acts of discrimination against women. Second, it establishes courts and other public institutions to ensure adequate protection of women from discrimination. Third, it ensures the elimination of all acts of discrimination against women by persons, organizations, or companies. 64 With the acceptance of this Convention, women's treatment, mostly arbitrary acts, including the trafficking of women and gender discrimination, can be overcome. With the establishment of this Convention, state parties are expected to eliminate discrimination against women. They also can serve as the basis to make appropriate laws and implement this Convention as a form of respect for the agreement produced by the parties to the Convention.

F. The UN Protocol against Transnational Organized Crime
Besides international conventions, international protocols regulate human trafficking activity as a form of transnational crime. One of them is the 2000 UN Protocol against Transnational Organized Crime. This kind of protocol had provided precise protection for victims of human trafficking in the early days of modern human trafficking. The UNTOC protocol also regulates the protection of victims in the recipient country and the repatriation to their countries. 65 The ultimate goal of trafficking in persons, according to the UNTOC convention, is exploitation. It asserts that action with or without the consent of the victim which includes and is not limited to prostitution, forced labor or service, slavery or similar practices of slavery, oppression, extortion, both physically and sexually, reproductive organs exploitation, or illegally transferring power or transplanting organs and/or body tissue or using someone else's power or ability to gain an advantage, both material and immaterial.

G. Palermo Protocol
After establishing the UN Protocol against Transnational Organized Crime, there is also a protocol regarding human trafficking activities that continue the UNTOC Protocol, which had been previously found regulated in the 2000 Palermo Protocol. The Palermo Protocol provided a clearer view and effort to protect victims of human trafficking than the UNTOC Protocol. 169 countries have ratified the protocol, indicating that they are willing to engage in trafficking in persons. 66 In the protocol, countries emphasized taking effective action in preventing and combating trafficking in persons. It is necessary to adopt a comprehensive international approach in countries of origin, transit, and destination. Accordingly, this protocol aims to establish a framework to help define what trafficking is, prevent trafficking, and assist countries in their joint efforts to solve trafficking in persons. 67 This protocol also creates an annual global report regarding human trafficking activities called the UN Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons, established by the UN Office on Drugs and Crime. With this report, everyone can observe human trafficking actions yearly, which also helps eradicate and caution the global community against human trafficking activities. According to the Global Report, the impact of the Palermo Protocol has made 95% of member countries that ratified the protocol. This ratification means that member countries have legal legislation to eradicate human trafficking to anticipate, minimize and punish human traffickers, especially in the types of human trafficking involved, where women and children are victimized under this protocol. 68 Currently, the state assists victims to accommodate and then return or repatriate the victims of human trafficking with funds and costs by the recipient country. Especially for victims who then get into legal problems, the country of origin can help its citizens get the justice they deserve. Unlike other international legal instruments that emphasize the aspects of human rights in eradicating human trafficking and providing protection for victims of human trafficking, the Palermo Protocol does not stick to the human rights aspect. However, it emphasizes facilitating collaboration and cooperation between countries or states in eradicating human trafficking as part of organized crime. The Palermo Protocol distinguishes trafficking and smuggling in three crucial aspects: consent, exploitation, and transnationality. Smuggling involves immigrants who agree to be smuggled.
On the other hand, trafficking victims never consent to this activity, but if they agree initially, the agreement becomes meaningless through coercion, 67  fraud, or harassment from the trafficker. 69 Smuggling usually ends when the migrants reach their destination, while trafficking involves the victim's continued exploitation. It is generally believed that victims of trafficking are often more affected than smuggled migrants and need more protection to avoid further sacrifice. However, empirical data do not support this difference. Also, the question remains about how to measure the level of exploitation and suffering of these two groups. The last aspect is that smuggling is always included as a transnational crime. In contrast, human trafficking can occur in the victim's country of origin does not have to occur between countries or continents.
In other words, the Palermo Protocol can focus more on combatting crime and not dealing with the victims of the crime. Its provisions can be proven, which emphasizes the interception, punishment, and prosecution of traffickers. In its implementation, member states of this protocol have shown their commitment to eradicating human trafficking and increasing preventive efforts.

H. International Convention on the Rights of the Child
The problems of children as victims of human trafficking should not go unnoticed. The International Convention on the Rights of the Child outlines that every state should protect children from all kinds of exploitation or employment. It could result in damage or interfere with a child's education process or threaten the physical, mental, spiritual health of children and the development of other social services, according to Article 32 of the Convention. 70 Furthermore, Article 35 of the same Convention states that the government is obliged to make multilateral measures to prevent child kidnapping and trafficking for any purpose and provide social service programs and provide full support to every child in their life. 71 Therefore, in other words, this Convention encourages

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international cooperation for handling human trafficking cases in both prevention and enforcement processes.

J. ILO Convention 182 on the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor
In eradicating human trafficking against children, international law provides a convention issued by the International Labor Organization (ILO). It is stipulated in the ILO Convention Number 182 concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor. In this Convention, the worst forms of child labor include all forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, the use of children for pornography and porno-action activities, the use of children for the production and distribution of illegal drugs, and all forms of work that can interfere the health, safety or morals of children. 72 The main feature of this Convention states that all children aged under 18 years must be protected from the worst forms of child labor and oblige member states to take steps to eliminate the worst forms of child labor and forced labor, as mentioned above. 73 For the Convention to be implemented more effectively by each country, it is necessary to ratify the Convention into the national law of each country.
Countries that ratified this Convention should have a responsive and effective action against all forms of work aimed at exploiting children, followed by regulating the types of work included in the worst criteria for child labor. Consequently, it can divide between good and bad work for children in concerning countries. The countries involved shall take steps to ensure that the provisions of this Convention can be applied effectively within their country. recovery and social reintegration of a child victim of any form of neglect, exploitation, or abuse. The CRC also requires States to recognize the right of every child to education (Article 28) and "to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health" (Article 24). The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Sale of Children specifies particular protection and assistance available to child victims.
Additionally, the ILO's Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (Convention No. 182 of 1999) prohibits perpetrators from using children under 18 years of age for all forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, trafficking, debt bondage, serfdom, forced or compulsory labor, and prostitution. Article 7(2)(b) and (c) requires States to take effective and timely measures to provide for the rehabilitation and social integration of former victims of the worst forms of child labor. They include trafficking and ensuring their access to free primary education and, wherever possible and appropriate, vocational training.
Some instruments contain specific provisions for addressing the needs of foreign victims. For example, Article 7 of the Palermo Protocol says States should consider potential measures for allowing foreign trafficking victims to remain, temporarily or permanently, in the state in which they were trafficked. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has noted that some people who have been trafficked or who are at risk of being trafficked may be entitled to international refugee protection under the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (1951) and its 1967 Protocol if they have a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion. While the international norms are clear, gaps remain existing in the implementation. Although the Palermo Protocol calls for a comprehensive approach to combat trafficking, this approach has not been fully realized.
States often attempt to address trafficking from only an immigration perspective or a solely criminal perspective. States must recognize and implement all the international instruments to combat trafficking to ensure that the problem is dealt with to the fullest extent possible. A human rights-based approach to addressing trafficking gives equal attention to prevention, protection, and prosecution. This victim-centered approach requires collaboration between legislators, prosecutors, law enforcement, service providers, and other victim advocates.

VI. CONCLUSION
Human trafficking has become one of the most serious criminal activities that must be eradicated immediately from this world. Human trafficking consists of many forms, which include sex or sexual exploitation, labor trafficking, human organ trafficking, forced criminality, forced marriages, mail order bride, child trafficking, international illegal child adoption, household slavery, and debt bondage. In terms of eradicating and preventing human trafficking, there are already some regulations on trafficking in persons internationally. These international laws have provided specific and general arrangements regarding human trafficking, which are again divided into respective discussion topics. Some focus on white slavery in the early 20th Century, as in the 1904 Agreement and 1910 Convention for the Suppression of White Slave Traffic. Others focus on matters like the protection of women and children from human trafficking as in the 1921 and 1933 Convention, the enforcement of women's right in dealing with human trafficking as in CEDAW, more focus on the eradication of human trafficking as in UNTOC Protocol and Palermo Protocol and the eradication of child's trafficking. Given how dangerous human trafficking is, the countries should be aware of this 443 | LENTERA HUKUM problem and unite to cooperate and work together to prevent and eradicate it even though various international law types can be used directly against human trafficking. With these various laws and regulations, it is appropriate for every country in the world to immediately implement those laws and regulations in their respective countries so that if this condition occurs, every human trafficking perpetrator can be entangled in own actions. Thus, every victim can be free from the entanglement of human trafficking, the wider community, and global stability can be protected from human trafficking activities. Thus, the world can finally be free from human trafficking activities.