The Risk-Need-Responsivity Model on Inmate Rehabilitation
A Lesson from Nigeria
Abstract
The article examines the nature, causes, and implications of inmate rehabilitation in Nigeria by explaining the Risk-Need-Responsivity model. The study reviewed secondary qualitative data, mostly a literature review, and it reinforced and added to the existing body of knowledge on inmate rehabilitation worldwide, particularly in Nigeria. The article finds that there are causes of congestion in the custodial center, such as overuse of imprisonment, a slow judicial process, insufficient prison capacity, a lack of adequate police investigation and prosecution, resource and operational efficiency, and a delay in the administration of justice. The paper adopts Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) theory to outline the process of the significance of rehabilitation towards inmates. The model emphasizes assessing and treating inmates according to their ability and risk of re-offending. The research applied a case study that examined the causes of custodial center congestion and identified the implications on inmate rehabilitation in Nigeria. The paper revealed that the consequences of custodial center congestion are spreading infectious disease, breakdown of social control, poor custodial center conditions, access to rehabilitation programs, and too much cost to the State. The study also explained various correctional facilities provide rehabilitation programs based on the criminogenic needs of the inmate, such as counseling programs, adult education, vocational programs, sports and leisure activities, and religious activities.
Keywords: Causes, Congestion, Implication, Inmate, Rehabilitation
References
Adetula, G. A., Adetula, A., & Fatusin, A. F. (2010). The prison subsystem culture: Its attitudinal effects on operatives, convicts and the free society. IFE PsychologIA: An International Journal, 18(1), 189-205.
Aduba, J. N. (1993). "Overcrowding" in Nigerian prisons: A critical appraisal. Journal of Criminal Justice, 21(2), 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2352(93)90075-X
Agbesi, E. K. (n.d.). Causes and Effects of Overcrowding at Prisons: A Study at the Ho Central Prison, Ghana. www.iiste.org
Ahire, P.T. (1990). The Nigerian prison system: A social history. Paper presented at the National Seminar on prison reform in Nigeria, Abuja.18-20 June.
Ajah, B. O. (2018). Criminal justice administration and panic of prison correction in Nigeria. Journal of Law and Judicial System, 1(2), 1-8.
Ajah, B. O., Chinweze, U. C., Ajah, I. A., Onyejegbu, D. C., Obiwulu, A. C., Onwuama, E. M., & Okpa, J.T. (2022). Behind Bars But Not Sentenced: The Role of Computerized Central Repository in Addressing Awaiting-Trial Problems in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. SAGE Open, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221079822
Akoni, O. (2017). Nigeria prisons are congested, inadequately funded-CG raises alarm. Vanguard, June 25. Available at: https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/06/nigeria-prisons-congestedinadequately-funded-prisons-cg-raises-alarm/ (accessed on: June 30 2017).
Alamu, O. I., & Makinde, W. A. (2020). Rehabilitation Programs and Prison Inmates: An African Context. In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance (pp. 1–8). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_4112-1
Ali, G. (2011). Challenges of Convicts rehabilitation process in Nigeria: A case study of Goron-Dutse and Central Prison, Kano State. Knowledge Review. 23(3): 122-129
Allen, R. (2010). Current Situation of Prison Overcrowding. International Centre for Prison Studies, London, UK 39–42.
American Civil Liberties Union. (2015). Overcrowding and the Overuse of Imprisonment in the United States. May, 1–23. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/RuleOfLaw/OverIncarceration/ACLU.pdf
Amali, S. E., Barkuizen, J., & Petrus, T. (2017). An appraisal of offender rehabilitation programmes in North Western Nigeria. Acta criminologica: African Journal of Criminology & Victimology, 30(4), 159-176.
Amali, S. E., Sibanyoni, E. K., & Tshivhase, T. (2021). Incarceration for Reformation or Deformation?. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 10, 562-571.
Amnesty International Report (2021) annual report on prison reform
Amuche, o. A. (2020). Prison conditions in Nigeria: the place of female inmates. Nigerian journal online published articles.
Andrew, D. & Bonta, J. & Hoge, R.D. 1990. Classification for effective Rehabilitation, rediscovering psychology. Criminal Justice and Behaviour. 17: 19-52.
Andrew, D.A. & Bonta, J. (2003). The psychology of criminal conduct. (3rd edition). Cincinati, OH: Anderson.
———. (2010a). Rehabilitating criminal justice policy and practice. Psychology, Public and Law, 16: 35-55
———. (2010b). The psychology of criminal conduct (5th edition). Newark, NJ: Mathew Bender.
Andrew, D.A. & Dowden, C. (2005). Effective correctional treatment and violent re-offending: A Meta Analysis. Journal of Criminology, 42: 499-468.
Andrew, D.A., Bonta, J. & Wormith, J.S. (2011). The Risk-Need-Responsivity Model (RNR) Model. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 38, 735-755
Awopetu, R. G. (2014). Influence of Demographic Variables and Prison Overcrowding On Psychological Well-Being of Prison Inmates in South-West, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Applied Behavioural Sciences, 2, 204–214.
———. (2011). Assessment of prison overcrowding in Nigeria: Implication for Rehabilitation, reformation and reintegration of inmates. IOSR Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. 19(3): 21-26.
Ayade (2010). Problem of prison overcrowding in Nigeria: some lessons from South Africa and America. Central European University legal studies department in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of llm, human rights. (2010).
Ayuk, A. A., Emeka, J. O., & Omono, C. E. (2013). The impact of prison reforms on the welfare of the inmates: A case study of Afokang prison, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Human Social Science Sociology & Culture, 13(2), 1-6.
Barkhuizen, j., & Petrus, t. (2017). An appraisal of offender rehabilitation programmes in north western Nigeria. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340096234
Chua, J.R., Chi, M.C., Yim, G., Chonsg, D. & Teoh, J. (2014). Implementation of the Risk-Need Responsivity Frameworks across the juvenile justice agencies in Singapore. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 21(6): 877-899.
Chukwudi, f. (2012). Challenges of reforms in the Nigerian prison system: lessons from u.s.a and south africa florence chukwudi. 4 (september), 35–46.
Chukwunonso, N C., & Laeticia U U. (2021). Reformation policies in the Nigeria prisons system. International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Vol. 13 No.6 Mar-2021 Issn: 1021-3197
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999. Government Press, Abuja, Nigeria
Cullen, F. T., & Gendreau, P. (2000). Assessing correctional Rehabilitation: Policy, practice, and prospects. Criminal justice, 3(109-175).
Douglas, N. & Plugge, E. (2008). The health needs of imprisoned female juvenile offenders: The views of the young women prisoners and youth justice professionals. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 4: 66-76.
Dowden, C., & Andrews, D. A. (2004). The importance of staff practice in delivering effective correctional treatment: A meta-analytic review of core correctional practice. International Journal of Offender Therapy and comparative criminology, 48(2), 203-214.
Esiri, M.O.2016. The Upsurge of Recidivism and the Penitentiary Institutions in Nigeria. International Journal of Journal Business and Social Sciences, June, 7(6): 184-193.
Ekpe, C. P., & Mammah, S. C. (1997). Social work in Nigeria: A colonial heritage. Enugu: Unik Oriental Prints Ltd
Eze, M. & Okafor, E. (2007). The prison as an instrument of social reformation and Rehabilitation: A study of Nigerian Prison (Medium). Kiri-Kiri, Lagos. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1): 23-31.
García-Guerrero, J., & Marco, A. (2012). Overcrowding in prisons and its impact on health. Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria, 14(3), 106–113. https://doi.org/10.4321/s1575-06202012000300006
Ibrahim, Z. (2013). Nigeria Prisons: Death traps or reform centers. Blogpost by Emelie Ezeobi, 2 April. Available at: http://emelieezeobi.blogspot.co.za/2013/04/nigerian-prisons-death-trapsor-reform.html
Imhabekhai, C.I. 2002. An appraisal of prison service in Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Correctional Education. 6(3): 39-48.
Imhonde, H. (2010). The Jailer or the Jailed: Stress and Prison Workers in Nigeria. Current Research Journal of Social Science, 2(2), 65–68. http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=abstract&id=521545
Iwarimie-Jaja, D., & Lasisi, R. (2019). The Criminal Justice System as Enablement for Social Order in Nigeria. The Nigerian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 17(1), 72-86.
Joseph, O. E., Femi, A. F., Ogadimma, A., Bamidele, R., Oluwakemisola, O., Akintoyese, O. I., & Jide
Joseph, O. (2021). Prison overcrowding trend in Nigeria and policy implications on health. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1956035
Kayode Oroleye, A. (2018). Rehabilitation and Welfare of Inmates in Nigeria Prisons: A Case of Selected Prisons in Southwestern Nigeria. Canadian Social Science, 14(6), 78–86. https://doi.org/10.3968/10394
Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L., & Altheimer, I. (2010). An exploratory examination of the consequences of burnout in terms of life satisfaction, turnover intent, and absenteeism among private correctional staff. The Prison Journal, 90(1), 94-114.
Madaki, M. (2011). A study of legal rights of convicted prisoners and the unintended consequences of incarceration in Kano and Goron-Dutse Prisons, Nigeria. Unpublished Thesis. Phd in Sociology. Department of Sociology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.p24
Nigeria bureau of statistic report NBS (2020)
———. (2021)
Nigeria Correctional Service Act 2020
Nigeria Correctional Services, 2021.
Nkereuwem, E., & Johnny, U. (2016). Prisons Rehabilitation Programmes in Nigeria: A Study of Inmates Perception in Okaka Prison, Bayelsa State. 7(6), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3968/9104
Nnam, M. (2016). Responding to the Problem of Prison Overcrowding in Nigeria through Restorative Justice: A Challenge to the Traditional Criminal Justice System. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 12 (1), 177.
Obioha, E. E. (2011). Challenges and Reforms in the Nigerian Prisons System. Journal of Social Sciences, 27(2), 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2011.11892910
Obioha, E.E. (1995). Prison culture in Nigeria. A study of life within Agodi Prison Community, Ibadan. MSc dissertation. Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Obiano, D. O., Ogueri, E., Chima-James, N., Moneke, P. O., & Bernard, I. I. (2020). Availability and Use of Library Resources in the Rehabilitation of Inmates in Correctional Centers in Imo and Abia States, Nigeria. Information Impact: Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, 11(2), 51-61.
Ogundipe, O.A. (2006) Strategies for the attainment of total prison decongestion within the context of the proposed criminal justice reform. Paper presented at the 1st Nigerian Bar Association. Criminal Justice Reform Conference, Abuja, Nigeria. 1-3 August.
Ohia, I. (2004). Nigeria prisons: Hell on earth. Ibadan, Nigeria: Malthouse.
Okafor, T. (2016). Bishop decires neglect of Nigerian prisons. Punch, May 2. Available at: http://punchng.com/bishop-decries-neglect-nigerian-prisons/ (accessed on: May 15 2016).
Okafor, E. E., & Abdulazeez, Y. (2007). Gender-sensitive projects for sustainable development in Nigeria: A critical assessment. Journal of Social Sciences, 15(3), 235-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2007.11892588
Okunola, R. A., Aderinto, A. A., & Atere, A. A. (2002). The prison as a social system. Malthouse Social Science Studies.
Ojo, M. O. D., & Okunola, R. A. (2014). The Plights of the Aged Inmates in Nigerian Prison System: A Survey of Two Prisons in Ogun State, Nigeria. Bangladesh e-journal of Sociology, 11(1), 54-73.
Okiwe, N. C., Abu, O. P., & Anele, K. A. (2020). Conditions and Congestion Level amongst Correctional Services in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, 1-10. http://doi:10.9734/ajarr/2020/v9i230214
———. (2020). Welfare and Effect of Correctional Congestion amongst Inmates in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria. Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 1-10. http://doi:10.9734/arjass/2020/v10i430152
Okoro, J., Odionye, T., Nweze, B., Onuoha, M., Ezeonwuka, C., Owoh, J., & Nkire, J. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic, psychological response to quarantine, and knowledge of the disease among inmates in a Nigerian custodial center. Emerald Open Research, 2, 26. https://doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13684.2
Okunola, R.A., Aderinto, A. A. & Atere, A.A. (2002). Prisons and the Nigerian prisoners. U.C. Isiugo-Abanihe, A.N. Isamah, O. Adesina ‘Jimi (Eds). Currents and perspectives in sociology. Lagos: Malthouse Press.
Okwendi, J.S., Nkwankwoal, R. & Ushi, V. (2014). The plight of female prisoners in Nigeria and the dilemma of health rights violations. Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, November, 3(4): 11-15.
Oleary, V. & Duffen, D. 1971. Correctional policy: A classification of goals designed for change. Crime and Delinquency, 17(4): 373-386.
Oloba, P. B., & Maswanganyi, P. D. (2021). Treatment of inmates in prison custody: towards mitigating dehumanisation in olokuta correctional centre, Akure, Nigeria. Journal of the management sciences (jomas), 57, 25.
Ogloff, J. R., & Davis, M. R. (2004). Advances in offender assessment and Rehabilitation: Contributions of the risk–needs–responsivity approach. Psychology, Crime & Law, 10(3), 229-242.
Onyejegbu, C. D., Onwuama, E. M., onah, O., Chijioke, C., Okpa, J. T., & Ajah, B. O. (2021). Special Courts as Nigerian Criminal Justice Response to the Plight of Awaiting Trial Inmates in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 10, 1172–1177. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.136
Onyekachi, J. (2016). Problems and prospects of administration of Nigerian prison: Need for proper Rehabilitation of the inmates in Nigeria prisons. Journal of Tourism & Hospitality, 5(4), 1-14.
Otu, M. S. (2015). Analysis of the causes and effects of recidivism in the Nigerian prison system. International Journal of Development and Management Review, 10(1), 136-145.
Oyahiromen, I. (2008). Capacity building and Rehabilitation of prison inmates and crime control through ODL. Paper Presented at the 2nd African Council for Distance Education (ACDE) Conference and General Assembly, Lagos, Nigeria, 8-11 July.
Patrick, I. E. (2019). The prison rehabilitation programmes and their effects on inmates in Benin city prisons, Nigeria. International journal of sociology and anthropology research, 5(1), 23–31. www.eajournals.org
Polaschek, D. L. (2012). An appraisal of the risk–need–responsivity (RNR) model of offender rehabilitation and its application in correctional treatment. Legal and criminological Psychology, 17(1), 1-17.
Ronke Grace, A. (2014). An Assessment of Prison Overcrowding in Nigeria: Implications for Rehabilitation, Reformation and Reintegration of Inmates. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(3), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-19362126
Salaam, A.O. (2013). Locked up, but shouldn't be forgotten. Basic educational training and career placement as potential tools for the reintegration and Rehabilitation of former prisoners in Nigeria. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation. 52: 438-450.
Scheirs, V. (2016). Doing reintegration? The quest for reintegration in Belgian sentence implementation. European Journal of Probation, 8(2), 82-101.
Stephen, E. N., & Dudafa, U. J. (2016). Prisons rehabilitation programmes in Nigeria: A study of inmates perception in Okaka prison, Bayelsa State. Studies in Sociology of Science, 7(6), 1-12.
Solomon, O. J., & Nwankwoala, R. (2015). The plight of female prisoners in Nigeria and the dilemma of health rights violations. Social Sciences (Pakistan), 10(1), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.3923/sscience.2015.51.57
Tanimu, B. (2010). Nigerian convicts and prison rehabilitation ideals. Journal of Sustaining Development in Africa, 12(3): 140-152.
Taxman, F. S., & Smith, L. (2021). Risk-need-responsivity (RNR) classification models: Still evolving. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 59, 101459.
Tenibiaje, D.J. (2010). Counseling for the productive employment of prison inmates. European Journal of Educational Studies. 5(1): 30-37.
Uche, I. B., Uche, O. A., Ezumah, N. N., Ebue, M. O., Okafor, A. E., & Ezegbe, B. N. (2015). Effectiveness of rehabilitation programmes in the Nigerian Prisons: A study of perception of inmates in Enugu Prison.
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4S2), 164–170. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s2p164
Ugwumba, N.C.F & Usang, E.E. (2014). Challenges of Rehabilitation and reintegration of ex-convicts from Nigerian Prison. Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, December, 3(2): 59- 64.
Ugwu, N. V. (2018). Prisoners' Reformation and Rehabilitation in Nigeria: the role of the church. Sapientia global journal of arts, humanities and development studies, 1(1).
Ulo, e. (2019). The metamorphosis from the Nigeria prison service to Nigeria correctional service: its implications and way forward. International journal of management, social sciences, peace and conflict studies, 2(3).
US Department of State. 2016. Nigeria 2015 Human Rights Report. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015. Washington DC: Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Available at: https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/252927.pdf
Walmsley, R. (2018). World Prison Population List (twelfth edition). Institute for Criminal Policy Research, 12, 1–19. www.prisonstudies.org
Aduba, J. N. (1993). "Overcrowding" in Nigerian prisons: A critical appraisal. Journal of Criminal Justice, 21(2), 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2352(93)90075-X
Agbesi, E. K. (n.d.). Causes and Effects of Overcrowding at Prisons: A Study at the Ho Central Prison, Ghana. www.iiste.org
Ahire, P.T. (1990). The Nigerian prison system: A social history. Paper presented at the National Seminar on prison reform in Nigeria, Abuja.18-20 June.
Ajah, B. O. (2018). Criminal justice administration and panic of prison correction in Nigeria. Journal of Law and Judicial System, 1(2), 1-8.
Ajah, B. O., Chinweze, U. C., Ajah, I. A., Onyejegbu, D. C., Obiwulu, A. C., Onwuama, E. M., & Okpa, J.T. (2022). Behind Bars But Not Sentenced: The Role of Computerized Central Repository in Addressing Awaiting-Trial Problems in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. SAGE Open, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221079822
Akoni, O. (2017). Nigeria prisons are congested, inadequately funded-CG raises alarm. Vanguard, June 25. Available at: https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/06/nigeria-prisons-congestedinadequately-funded-prisons-cg-raises-alarm/ (accessed on: June 30 2017).
Alamu, O. I., & Makinde, W. A. (2020). Rehabilitation Programs and Prison Inmates: An African Context. In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance (pp. 1–8). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_4112-1
Ali, G. (2011). Challenges of Convicts rehabilitation process in Nigeria: A case study of Goron-Dutse and Central Prison, Kano State. Knowledge Review. 23(3): 122-129
Allen, R. (2010). Current Situation of Prison Overcrowding. International Centre for Prison Studies, London, UK 39–42.
American Civil Liberties Union. (2015). Overcrowding and the Overuse of Imprisonment in the United States. May, 1–23. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/RuleOfLaw/OverIncarceration/ACLU.pdf
Amali, S. E., Barkuizen, J., & Petrus, T. (2017). An appraisal of offender rehabilitation programmes in North Western Nigeria. Acta criminologica: African Journal of Criminology & Victimology, 30(4), 159-176.
Amali, S. E., Sibanyoni, E. K., & Tshivhase, T. (2021). Incarceration for Reformation or Deformation?. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 10, 562-571.
Amnesty International Report (2021) annual report on prison reform
Amuche, o. A. (2020). Prison conditions in Nigeria: the place of female inmates. Nigerian journal online published articles.
Andrew, D. & Bonta, J. & Hoge, R.D. 1990. Classification for effective Rehabilitation, rediscovering psychology. Criminal Justice and Behaviour. 17: 19-52.
Andrew, D.A. & Bonta, J. (2003). The psychology of criminal conduct. (3rd edition). Cincinati, OH: Anderson.
———. (2010a). Rehabilitating criminal justice policy and practice. Psychology, Public and Law, 16: 35-55
———. (2010b). The psychology of criminal conduct (5th edition). Newark, NJ: Mathew Bender.
Andrew, D.A. & Dowden, C. (2005). Effective correctional treatment and violent re-offending: A Meta Analysis. Journal of Criminology, 42: 499-468.
Andrew, D.A., Bonta, J. & Wormith, J.S. (2011). The Risk-Need-Responsivity Model (RNR) Model. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 38, 735-755
Awopetu, R. G. (2014). Influence of Demographic Variables and Prison Overcrowding On Psychological Well-Being of Prison Inmates in South-West, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Applied Behavioural Sciences, 2, 204–214.
———. (2011). Assessment of prison overcrowding in Nigeria: Implication for Rehabilitation, reformation and reintegration of inmates. IOSR Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. 19(3): 21-26.
Ayade (2010). Problem of prison overcrowding in Nigeria: some lessons from South Africa and America. Central European University legal studies department in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of llm, human rights. (2010).
Ayuk, A. A., Emeka, J. O., & Omono, C. E. (2013). The impact of prison reforms on the welfare of the inmates: A case study of Afokang prison, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Human Social Science Sociology & Culture, 13(2), 1-6.
Barkhuizen, j., & Petrus, t. (2017). An appraisal of offender rehabilitation programmes in north western Nigeria. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340096234
Chua, J.R., Chi, M.C., Yim, G., Chonsg, D. & Teoh, J. (2014). Implementation of the Risk-Need Responsivity Frameworks across the juvenile justice agencies in Singapore. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 21(6): 877-899.
Chukwudi, f. (2012). Challenges of reforms in the Nigerian prison system: lessons from u.s.a and south africa florence chukwudi. 4 (september), 35–46.
Chukwunonso, N C., & Laeticia U U. (2021). Reformation policies in the Nigeria prisons system. International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Vol. 13 No.6 Mar-2021 Issn: 1021-3197
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999. Government Press, Abuja, Nigeria
Cullen, F. T., & Gendreau, P. (2000). Assessing correctional Rehabilitation: Policy, practice, and prospects. Criminal justice, 3(109-175).
Douglas, N. & Plugge, E. (2008). The health needs of imprisoned female juvenile offenders: The views of the young women prisoners and youth justice professionals. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 4: 66-76.
Dowden, C., & Andrews, D. A. (2004). The importance of staff practice in delivering effective correctional treatment: A meta-analytic review of core correctional practice. International Journal of Offender Therapy and comparative criminology, 48(2), 203-214.
Esiri, M.O.2016. The Upsurge of Recidivism and the Penitentiary Institutions in Nigeria. International Journal of Journal Business and Social Sciences, June, 7(6): 184-193.
Ekpe, C. P., & Mammah, S. C. (1997). Social work in Nigeria: A colonial heritage. Enugu: Unik Oriental Prints Ltd
Eze, M. & Okafor, E. (2007). The prison as an instrument of social reformation and Rehabilitation: A study of Nigerian Prison (Medium). Kiri-Kiri, Lagos. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1): 23-31.
García-Guerrero, J., & Marco, A. (2012). Overcrowding in prisons and its impact on health. Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria, 14(3), 106–113. https://doi.org/10.4321/s1575-06202012000300006
Ibrahim, Z. (2013). Nigeria Prisons: Death traps or reform centers. Blogpost by Emelie Ezeobi, 2 April. Available at: http://emelieezeobi.blogspot.co.za/2013/04/nigerian-prisons-death-trapsor-reform.html
Imhabekhai, C.I. 2002. An appraisal of prison service in Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Correctional Education. 6(3): 39-48.
Imhonde, H. (2010). The Jailer or the Jailed: Stress and Prison Workers in Nigeria. Current Research Journal of Social Science, 2(2), 65–68. http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=abstract&id=521545
Iwarimie-Jaja, D., & Lasisi, R. (2019). The Criminal Justice System as Enablement for Social Order in Nigeria. The Nigerian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 17(1), 72-86.
Joseph, O. E., Femi, A. F., Ogadimma, A., Bamidele, R., Oluwakemisola, O., Akintoyese, O. I., & Jide
Joseph, O. (2021). Prison overcrowding trend in Nigeria and policy implications on health. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1956035
Kayode Oroleye, A. (2018). Rehabilitation and Welfare of Inmates in Nigeria Prisons: A Case of Selected Prisons in Southwestern Nigeria. Canadian Social Science, 14(6), 78–86. https://doi.org/10.3968/10394
Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L., & Altheimer, I. (2010). An exploratory examination of the consequences of burnout in terms of life satisfaction, turnover intent, and absenteeism among private correctional staff. The Prison Journal, 90(1), 94-114.
Madaki, M. (2011). A study of legal rights of convicted prisoners and the unintended consequences of incarceration in Kano and Goron-Dutse Prisons, Nigeria. Unpublished Thesis. Phd in Sociology. Department of Sociology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.p24
Nigeria bureau of statistic report NBS (2020)
———. (2021)
Nigeria Correctional Service Act 2020
Nigeria Correctional Services, 2021.
Nkereuwem, E., & Johnny, U. (2016). Prisons Rehabilitation Programmes in Nigeria: A Study of Inmates Perception in Okaka Prison, Bayelsa State. 7(6), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3968/9104
Nnam, M. (2016). Responding to the Problem of Prison Overcrowding in Nigeria through Restorative Justice: A Challenge to the Traditional Criminal Justice System. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 12 (1), 177.
Obioha, E. E. (2011). Challenges and Reforms in the Nigerian Prisons System. Journal of Social Sciences, 27(2), 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2011.11892910
Obioha, E.E. (1995). Prison culture in Nigeria. A study of life within Agodi Prison Community, Ibadan. MSc dissertation. Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Obiano, D. O., Ogueri, E., Chima-James, N., Moneke, P. O., & Bernard, I. I. (2020). Availability and Use of Library Resources in the Rehabilitation of Inmates in Correctional Centers in Imo and Abia States, Nigeria. Information Impact: Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, 11(2), 51-61.
Ogundipe, O.A. (2006) Strategies for the attainment of total prison decongestion within the context of the proposed criminal justice reform. Paper presented at the 1st Nigerian Bar Association. Criminal Justice Reform Conference, Abuja, Nigeria. 1-3 August.
Ohia, I. (2004). Nigeria prisons: Hell on earth. Ibadan, Nigeria: Malthouse.
Okafor, T. (2016). Bishop decires neglect of Nigerian prisons. Punch, May 2. Available at: http://punchng.com/bishop-decries-neglect-nigerian-prisons/ (accessed on: May 15 2016).
Okafor, E. E., & Abdulazeez, Y. (2007). Gender-sensitive projects for sustainable development in Nigeria: A critical assessment. Journal of Social Sciences, 15(3), 235-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2007.11892588
Okunola, R. A., Aderinto, A. A., & Atere, A. A. (2002). The prison as a social system. Malthouse Social Science Studies.
Ojo, M. O. D., & Okunola, R. A. (2014). The Plights of the Aged Inmates in Nigerian Prison System: A Survey of Two Prisons in Ogun State, Nigeria. Bangladesh e-journal of Sociology, 11(1), 54-73.
Okiwe, N. C., Abu, O. P., & Anele, K. A. (2020). Conditions and Congestion Level amongst Correctional Services in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, 1-10. http://doi:10.9734/ajarr/2020/v9i230214
———. (2020). Welfare and Effect of Correctional Congestion amongst Inmates in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria. Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 1-10. http://doi:10.9734/arjass/2020/v10i430152
Okoro, J., Odionye, T., Nweze, B., Onuoha, M., Ezeonwuka, C., Owoh, J., & Nkire, J. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic, psychological response to quarantine, and knowledge of the disease among inmates in a Nigerian custodial center. Emerald Open Research, 2, 26. https://doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13684.2
Okunola, R.A., Aderinto, A. A. & Atere, A.A. (2002). Prisons and the Nigerian prisoners. U.C. Isiugo-Abanihe, A.N. Isamah, O. Adesina ‘Jimi (Eds). Currents and perspectives in sociology. Lagos: Malthouse Press.
Okwendi, J.S., Nkwankwoal, R. & Ushi, V. (2014). The plight of female prisoners in Nigeria and the dilemma of health rights violations. Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, November, 3(4): 11-15.
Oleary, V. & Duffen, D. 1971. Correctional policy: A classification of goals designed for change. Crime and Delinquency, 17(4): 373-386.
Oloba, P. B., & Maswanganyi, P. D. (2021). Treatment of inmates in prison custody: towards mitigating dehumanisation in olokuta correctional centre, Akure, Nigeria. Journal of the management sciences (jomas), 57, 25.
Ogloff, J. R., & Davis, M. R. (2004). Advances in offender assessment and Rehabilitation: Contributions of the risk–needs–responsivity approach. Psychology, Crime & Law, 10(3), 229-242.
Onyejegbu, C. D., Onwuama, E. M., onah, O., Chijioke, C., Okpa, J. T., & Ajah, B. O. (2021). Special Courts as Nigerian Criminal Justice Response to the Plight of Awaiting Trial Inmates in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 10, 1172–1177. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.136
Onyekachi, J. (2016). Problems and prospects of administration of Nigerian prison: Need for proper Rehabilitation of the inmates in Nigeria prisons. Journal of Tourism & Hospitality, 5(4), 1-14.
Otu, M. S. (2015). Analysis of the causes and effects of recidivism in the Nigerian prison system. International Journal of Development and Management Review, 10(1), 136-145.
Oyahiromen, I. (2008). Capacity building and Rehabilitation of prison inmates and crime control through ODL. Paper Presented at the 2nd African Council for Distance Education (ACDE) Conference and General Assembly, Lagos, Nigeria, 8-11 July.
Patrick, I. E. (2019). The prison rehabilitation programmes and their effects on inmates in Benin city prisons, Nigeria. International journal of sociology and anthropology research, 5(1), 23–31. www.eajournals.org
Polaschek, D. L. (2012). An appraisal of the risk–need–responsivity (RNR) model of offender rehabilitation and its application in correctional treatment. Legal and criminological Psychology, 17(1), 1-17.
Ronke Grace, A. (2014). An Assessment of Prison Overcrowding in Nigeria: Implications for Rehabilitation, Reformation and Reintegration of Inmates. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(3), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-19362126
Salaam, A.O. (2013). Locked up, but shouldn't be forgotten. Basic educational training and career placement as potential tools for the reintegration and Rehabilitation of former prisoners in Nigeria. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation. 52: 438-450.
Scheirs, V. (2016). Doing reintegration? The quest for reintegration in Belgian sentence implementation. European Journal of Probation, 8(2), 82-101.
Stephen, E. N., & Dudafa, U. J. (2016). Prisons rehabilitation programmes in Nigeria: A study of inmates perception in Okaka prison, Bayelsa State. Studies in Sociology of Science, 7(6), 1-12.
Solomon, O. J., & Nwankwoala, R. (2015). The plight of female prisoners in Nigeria and the dilemma of health rights violations. Social Sciences (Pakistan), 10(1), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.3923/sscience.2015.51.57
Tanimu, B. (2010). Nigerian convicts and prison rehabilitation ideals. Journal of Sustaining Development in Africa, 12(3): 140-152.
Taxman, F. S., & Smith, L. (2021). Risk-need-responsivity (RNR) classification models: Still evolving. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 59, 101459.
Tenibiaje, D.J. (2010). Counseling for the productive employment of prison inmates. European Journal of Educational Studies. 5(1): 30-37.
Uche, I. B., Uche, O. A., Ezumah, N. N., Ebue, M. O., Okafor, A. E., & Ezegbe, B. N. (2015). Effectiveness of rehabilitation programmes in the Nigerian Prisons: A study of perception of inmates in Enugu Prison.
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4S2), 164–170. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s2p164
Ugwumba, N.C.F & Usang, E.E. (2014). Challenges of Rehabilitation and reintegration of ex-convicts from Nigerian Prison. Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, December, 3(2): 59- 64.
Ugwu, N. V. (2018). Prisoners' Reformation and Rehabilitation in Nigeria: the role of the church. Sapientia global journal of arts, humanities and development studies, 1(1).
Ulo, e. (2019). The metamorphosis from the Nigeria prison service to Nigeria correctional service: its implications and way forward. International journal of management, social sciences, peace and conflict studies, 2(3).
US Department of State. 2016. Nigeria 2015 Human Rights Report. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015. Washington DC: Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Available at: https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/252927.pdf
Walmsley, R. (2018). World Prison Population List (twelfth edition). Institute for Criminal Policy Research, 12, 1–19. www.prisonstudies.org
Published
2023-08-31
How to Cite
ZUBAIRU, Nasiru.
The Risk-Need-Responsivity Model on Inmate Rehabilitation.
Journal of Contemporary Sociological Issues, [S.l.], v. 3, n. 2, p. 177-202, aug. 2023.
ISSN 2775-2895.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JCSI/article/view/36154>. Date accessed: 19 may 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/csi.v3i2.36154.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
