The Effect of Shallot Peel Ethanol Extract in Reducing Kidney MDA Levels in Diazinon-induced Wistar Rats
Abstract
Diazinon is an organophosphate pesticide often used by farmer. The residue of diazinon may contaminate agricultural products and if accidentally consumed in a long term, may potentially led to health problems such as kidney disorders. Shallot (Allium cepa) peel was recently proposed to help recover the kidney damage due to its high flavonoid antioxidant content. This study aims to determine the antioxidant effect of shallot peel extract in reducing oxidative stress caused by diazinon with malondialdehyde (MDA) level indicator on the kidney of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). This research was a true experimental with an in-vivo posttest-only control group design. The 28 rats were divided using a simple random sampling technique. The groups were the control group (K0), the diazinon group (K1), SPEE (Shallot Peel Ethanol Extract) groups which are P1 (300 mg/kg BW), P2 (600 mg/kg BW), P3 (900 mg/kg BW), P4 (1200 mg/kg BW) and P5 (2400 mg/kg BW). At the end of the study, the MDA kidney levels was analysed using the TBARS method. Effective doses were found in 600 mg/kg BW/day, 900 mg/kg BW/day, 1200 mg/kg BW/day, and 2400 mg/kg BW/day. The optimal dose of shallot peel extract in this study was 600 mg/kg BW/day. This study showed the effectiveness of shallot peel extract in reducing kidney MDA levels in diazinon-induced Wistar rats.
Keywords: shallot peel, diazinon, kidney MDA level
References
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Casares, D., Escribá, P., & Rosselló, C. (2019). Membrane Lipid Composition: Effect on Membrane and Organelle Structure, Function and Compartmentalization and Therapeutic Avenues. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(9), 2167. https://doi.org/http:/dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092167
Dahlan, M. (2015). Statistik untuk Kedokteran dan Kesehatan. Epidemiologi Indonesia.
Edem, V., Kosoko, A., Akinyoola, S., Owoeye, O., Rahamon, S., & Arinola, O. (2012). Plasma Antioxidant Enzymes, Lipid Peroxidation and Hydrogen Peroxide in Wistar Rats Exposed to Dichlorvos Insecticide. Archives of Applied Science Research, 4(4), 1778–1781. https://doi.org/http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html
Eghbaliferiz, S. & Iranshahi, M. (2016). Prooxidant Activity of Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Anthocyanins and Carotenoids: Updated Review of Mechanisms and Catalyzing Metals. Phytother. Res. 30: 1379-1391. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5643
Elsyana, V., & Tutik. (2018). Penapisan Fitokimia dan Skrining Toksisitas Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Bawang Merah. Jurnal Farmasi Malahayati, 1(2), 107–114.
Fritz, K. & Petersen, D. (2013). An Overview of the Chemistry and Biology of Reactive Aldehydes. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 59, 85–91. https://doi.org/http:/dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.025
Hajighasemi, F. & Tajik, S. (2017). Assessment of Cytotoxicity of Dimethyl Sulfoxide in Human Hematopoietic Tumor Cell Lines. Iranian Journal of Blood and Cancer, 9(2), 48–53.
Illarramendi, A., Ojeda, I., Aldanondo, G., & Munain, A. (2014). Dysregulation of Calcium Homeostasis in Muscular Dystrophies. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine, 16(16). https://doi.org/http:/dx.doi.org/ 10.1017/erm.2014.17
Karak, P. (2019). Biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. Int J Pharm Sci & Res, 10(4): 1567-74. https://doi.org/ 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.
Karimani, A., Mamashkhani, Y., Jafari, A. M., Akbarabadi, M., &, & Heidarpour, M. (2018). Captopril Attenuates Diazinon-Induced Oxidative Stress: A Subchronic Study in Rats. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 43(5).
Khunkar, S., Hariri, I., Alsayed, E., Linjawi, A., Khunkar S., Islam, S., Bakhsh, T.A., & Nakashima, S. (2021). Inhibitory effect of Salvadora persica extract (Miswak) on collagen degradation in demineralized dentin: In vitro study. Journal of Dental Sciences, 16(1), 208-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2020.05.025
Lee, F. Y., Chen, W. K., Lin, C. L., Lai, C. Y., Wu, Y. S., Lin, I. C., & Kao, C. H. (2015). Organophosphate Poisoning and Subsequent Acute Kidney Injury Risk: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. Medicine, 94(47), e2107. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000002107
Mansour, S. K., Abbassy, M. L., & Shaldam, H. (2017). Hepato-Renal Toxicity Induced by Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon and their Mixture to Male Rats with Special Concern to the Effect of Zinc Supplementation. Journal of Toxicology and Pharmacology, 1(3), 1–10.
Martin-Reina, J., Duarte, J. Cerrillos, L., Bautista, D., & Moreno, I. (2017). Insecticide Reproductive Toxicity Profile: Ogranophosphate, Carbamate, and Pyrethroids. Toxins, 4(1), 1–7.
Mount, D. (2014). Thick Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 9(11), 1974–1986. https://doi.org/http:/dx.doi.org/ 0.2215/CJN.04480413
Muflihah, Y., Fithria, A., & Indarti, D. (2015). Kromatografi Lapis Tipis-Densitometri untuk Analisis Residu Pestisida Diazinon dalam Sawi Hijau (Brassica juncea L.). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kimia.
Noori, S. (2012). An Overview of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defensive System. Open Access Scientific Reports, 1(8), 1–9. https://doi.org/http:/dx.doi.org/ 10.4172/scientificreports.413
Odukkathil, G. & Vasudevan, N. (2013). Toxicity and Bioremediation of Pesticides in Agricultural Soil. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 12(421–444). https://doi.org///dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11157-013-9320-4
Ozbek, E. (2012). Induction of Oxidative Stres in Kidney. International Journal of Nephrology, 12(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/465897
Parwata, I. (2016). Antioksidan. Universitas Udayana.
Phyu, M.P., Hlain, Z.T.T., Zaw, T., Htway, S.M. & Sein, M.T. (2020). Correlation STudy Between Erythrocyte Acetylcholinesterase Activity, Serum Malondialdehyde and Insulin Sensitivity in Agricultural Workers and Non-agricultural Workers in Nat-Kan Village, Magway Township. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc, 35(1), 85-92.
Salehi, M., Javari, M., Asgari, A., & Tahmasebi, K. (2015). Study of Protective Role of Vitamin E and C in Reduction of Diazinon-Oxidative Stress in Rat Kidney. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 23(3), 44–53.
Suwardi, F. & Noer, S. (2020). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Sains, 1(1), 117–120.
Wang, C. & Shih, Y. (2016) Facilitated ultrasonic irradiation in the degradation of diazinon insecticide. Sustainable Environment Research, 26(3), 110-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.serj.2016.04.003
Wahjuni, S. (2015). Superoksida Dismutase (SOD) sebagai Prekursor Antioksidan Endogen pada Stress Oksidatif. Udayana University Press.
Wisudanti, D., Herdiana, F., & Qodar, T. S. (2019). Toksisitas Diazinon terhadap Ginjal dan Hepar Tikus Wistar Jantan ditinjau dari Parameter Biokimia dan Histopatologi. Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences, 5((2), 112–117. https://doi.org/http:/dx.doi.org/ 11575-409-24998-4-10-20190918
Wulandari, T. P. (2019). Pengaruh Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Bawang Merah terhadap Gambaran Histopatologis Ginjal Tikus Wistar Jantan yang Diinduksi Asam mefenamat. Skripsi. Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Jember.
Ahmad, A., Elya, B., & Mun’im, A. (2017). Antioxidant Activity and Isolation of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor from Ruellia tuberosa L. Leaves. Pharmacognosy Journal, 9(5), 607–610. https://doi.org/http:/dx.doi.org/10.5530/pj.2017.5.96
Akan, J., Jafiya, L., Mohammed, Z., & Abdulrahman, F. (2013). Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Vegetable and Soil Samples from Alau Dam and Gongulong Agricultural Areas, Borno State, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 1(2), 58–64. https://doi.org/http:/dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20130102.14
Ayala, A., Muñoz, M., & Argüelles, S. (2014). Lipid Peroxidation: Production, Metabolism, and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal. Hindawi, 2014,1–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/360438
Badr, A.M. Organophosphate toxicity: updates of malathion potential toxic effects in mammals and potential treatments. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 26036–26057 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08937-4
Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian. (2013). Teknologi Menurunkan Residu Pestisida di Lahan Pertanian h. [Accessed on Januari 3, 2021]. http://balingtan.litbang.pertanian.go.id/ind/index.php/berita/138-teknologi-menurunkan-residu-pestisida-di-lahan-pertanian
Bardos, J., Dalimuntheb, A., & Harahap, U. (2018). Aktivitas Hepatoprotektor Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Bawang Merah (Allium cepa L. Corium) Terhadap Mencit Jantan Yang Diinduksi Parasetamol. TALENTA Conference Series: Tropical Medicine (TM), 1(3), 1–6. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32734/tm.v1i3.252
Birben, E., Sahiner, U., Sackesen, C., Erzurum, S., & Kalayci, O. (2012). Oxidative Stres and Antioxidant Defense. World Allergy Organization Journal, 5(1), 9–19. https://doi.org/http:/dx.doi.org/ 10.1097/WOX.0b013e3182439613
Cakici, O. & Akat, E. (2013). Effects of Oral Exposure to Diazinon on Mice Liver and Kidney Tissues. Analytical and Quantitative Cytology and Histology, 35(1), 7–16.
Casares, D., Escribá, P., & Rosselló, C. (2019). Membrane Lipid Composition: Effect on Membrane and Organelle Structure, Function and Compartmentalization and Therapeutic Avenues. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(9), 2167. https://doi.org/http:/dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092167
Dahlan, M. (2015). Statistik untuk Kedokteran dan Kesehatan. Epidemiologi Indonesia.
Edem, V., Kosoko, A., Akinyoola, S., Owoeye, O., Rahamon, S., & Arinola, O. (2012). Plasma Antioxidant Enzymes, Lipid Peroxidation and Hydrogen Peroxide in Wistar Rats Exposed to Dichlorvos Insecticide. Archives of Applied Science Research, 4(4), 1778–1781. https://doi.org/http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html
Eghbaliferiz, S. & Iranshahi, M. (2016). Prooxidant Activity of Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Anthocyanins and Carotenoids: Updated Review of Mechanisms and Catalyzing Metals. Phytother. Res. 30: 1379-1391. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5643
Elsyana, V., & Tutik. (2018). Penapisan Fitokimia dan Skrining Toksisitas Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Bawang Merah. Jurnal Farmasi Malahayati, 1(2), 107–114.
Fritz, K. & Petersen, D. (2013). An Overview of the Chemistry and Biology of Reactive Aldehydes. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 59, 85–91. https://doi.org/http:/dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.025
Hajighasemi, F. & Tajik, S. (2017). Assessment of Cytotoxicity of Dimethyl Sulfoxide in Human Hematopoietic Tumor Cell Lines. Iranian Journal of Blood and Cancer, 9(2), 48–53.
Illarramendi, A., Ojeda, I., Aldanondo, G., & Munain, A. (2014). Dysregulation of Calcium Homeostasis in Muscular Dystrophies. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine, 16(16). https://doi.org/http:/dx.doi.org/ 10.1017/erm.2014.17
Karak, P. (2019). Biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. Int J Pharm Sci & Res, 10(4): 1567-74. https://doi.org/ 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.
Karimani, A., Mamashkhani, Y., Jafari, A. M., Akbarabadi, M., &, & Heidarpour, M. (2018). Captopril Attenuates Diazinon-Induced Oxidative Stress: A Subchronic Study in Rats. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 43(5).
Khunkar, S., Hariri, I., Alsayed, E., Linjawi, A., Khunkar S., Islam, S., Bakhsh, T.A., & Nakashima, S. (2021). Inhibitory effect of Salvadora persica extract (Miswak) on collagen degradation in demineralized dentin: In vitro study. Journal of Dental Sciences, 16(1), 208-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2020.05.025
Lee, F. Y., Chen, W. K., Lin, C. L., Lai, C. Y., Wu, Y. S., Lin, I. C., & Kao, C. H. (2015). Organophosphate Poisoning and Subsequent Acute Kidney Injury Risk: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. Medicine, 94(47), e2107. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000002107
Mansour, S. K., Abbassy, M. L., & Shaldam, H. (2017). Hepato-Renal Toxicity Induced by Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon and their Mixture to Male Rats with Special Concern to the Effect of Zinc Supplementation. Journal of Toxicology and Pharmacology, 1(3), 1–10.
Martin-Reina, J., Duarte, J. Cerrillos, L., Bautista, D., & Moreno, I. (2017). Insecticide Reproductive Toxicity Profile: Ogranophosphate, Carbamate, and Pyrethroids. Toxins, 4(1), 1–7.
Mount, D. (2014). Thick Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 9(11), 1974–1986. https://doi.org/http:/dx.doi.org/ 0.2215/CJN.04480413
Muflihah, Y., Fithria, A., & Indarti, D. (2015). Kromatografi Lapis Tipis-Densitometri untuk Analisis Residu Pestisida Diazinon dalam Sawi Hijau (Brassica juncea L.). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kimia.
Noori, S. (2012). An Overview of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defensive System. Open Access Scientific Reports, 1(8), 1–9. https://doi.org/http:/dx.doi.org/ 10.4172/scientificreports.413
Odukkathil, G. & Vasudevan, N. (2013). Toxicity and Bioremediation of Pesticides in Agricultural Soil. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 12(421–444). https://doi.org///dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11157-013-9320-4
Ozbek, E. (2012). Induction of Oxidative Stres in Kidney. International Journal of Nephrology, 12(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/465897
Parwata, I. (2016). Antioksidan. Universitas Udayana.
Phyu, M.P., Hlain, Z.T.T., Zaw, T., Htway, S.M. & Sein, M.T. (2020). Correlation STudy Between Erythrocyte Acetylcholinesterase Activity, Serum Malondialdehyde and Insulin Sensitivity in Agricultural Workers and Non-agricultural Workers in Nat-Kan Village, Magway Township. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc, 35(1), 85-92.
Salehi, M., Javari, M., Asgari, A., & Tahmasebi, K. (2015). Study of Protective Role of Vitamin E and C in Reduction of Diazinon-Oxidative Stress in Rat Kidney. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 23(3), 44–53.
Suwardi, F. & Noer, S. (2020). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Sains, 1(1), 117–120.
Wang, C. & Shih, Y. (2016) Facilitated ultrasonic irradiation in the degradation of diazinon insecticide. Sustainable Environment Research, 26(3), 110-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.serj.2016.04.003
Wahjuni, S. (2015). Superoksida Dismutase (SOD) sebagai Prekursor Antioksidan Endogen pada Stress Oksidatif. Udayana University Press.
Wisudanti, D., Herdiana, F., & Qodar, T. S. (2019). Toksisitas Diazinon terhadap Ginjal dan Hepar Tikus Wistar Jantan ditinjau dari Parameter Biokimia dan Histopatologi. Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences, 5((2), 112–117. https://doi.org/http:/dx.doi.org/ 11575-409-24998-4-10-20190918
Wulandari, T. P. (2019). Pengaruh Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Bawang Merah terhadap Gambaran Histopatologis Ginjal Tikus Wistar Jantan yang Diinduksi Asam mefenamat. Skripsi. Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Jember.
Published
2022-06-24
How to Cite
KHOIRUDDIN, Mukhammad Arif Hadi et al.
The Effect of Shallot Peel Ethanol Extract in Reducing Kidney MDA Levels in Diazinon-induced Wistar Rats.
Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 2, p. 72-77, june 2022.
ISSN 2714-5654.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JAMS/article/view/27424>. Date accessed: 08 may 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/ams.v8i2.27424.
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Original Research Articles
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