Vulnerability Dynamics and Urban Flood Hazardscape Pattern: A Geospatial Analysis in Gombe City, Nigeria
Abstract
In many Nigerian states, urban flooding has resulted into the death of numerous people and destruction of properties worth billions of Naira. This study examined the vulnerability dynamics and urban flood hazardscape pattern within Gombe city with a view to providing bases for policy formulation (where necessary), enforcement and decision making on flood risk reduction for enable sustainable urban development. ASTER DEM and Landsat images (2000, 2010 and 2019) was used to generate Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and impervious surface areas. Rainfall data for 2000-2018 was used to examine rainfall trend using regression analysis. The result revealed that flood hazardscape and vulnerability dynamics are largely influenced by physical and social factors. The results for vulnerability dynamics shows that as at 2000, about 1.4km2 lies on the relatively low vulnerable area,4.1km2falls within the moderate, and about 14.6km2 falls on critical area. By 2010, only about 1km2 lies on the relatively low area, 5.2km2 occupied the moderate and about 15km2was found within the critically vulnerable area. In 2019, the vulnerability dynamics depicts that about 33.4km2, impervious surface (builtup area) existed, out of which 2.8km2 lies on the low vulnerable area, 9.4km2 on the moderately vulnerable and 21.2km2 in critically vulnerable areas. It is concluded that flood hazardscape and vulnerability dynamics in Gombe city is influenced by both physical and anthropogenic factors. It is recommended that planning departments should put into consideration urban flood hazardscape maps for future development so as to reduce the risk and control future exposure flood impact.
Keywords : Impervious surfaces; Feature extraction; Hazardscape; Urban flood; Vulnearbility dynamics
Copyright (c) 2022 Geosfera Indonesia and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License
References
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Feng, B., Zhang, Y. & Bourke, R. (2021). Urbanization impacts on flood risks based on urban growth data and coupled flood models. Nat Hazards, 106, 613–627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04480-0.
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Henderson, L. J. (2004). Emergency and disaster: Pervasive risk and public bureaucracy in developing nations. Public Organization Review, 4(2), 103-119.
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Karmakar, S., Simonovic, S., Peck, A. & Black, J., (2010). An information system for risk-vulnerability assessment to flood. Journal of Geographic Information System, 2(2), 129-146.
Mojaddadi, H., Pradhan, B., Nampak, H., Ahmad, N., & Ghazali, A. H. B. (2017). Ensemble machine-learning-based geospatial approach for flood risk assessment using multi-sensor remote-sensing data and GIS. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 8(2), 1080-1102. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2017.1294113.
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Wahistrom, M. & Guha-Sapir, D. (2015). The human cost of weather-related disasters 1995–2015. UNISDR.
Wang, Y., Li, Z., Tang, Z., & Zeng, G. (2011). A GIS-based spatial multi-criteria approach for flood risk assessment in the Dongting Lake Region, Hunan, Central China. Water resources management, 25(13), 3465-3484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-011-9866-2.
Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., & Davis, I., (2004). At risk: natural hazards, people’s vulnerability and disasters, 2nd edn. Routledge.
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Abashiya, M. (2009). Influences of manmade structures on floods in the northern parts of Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Geography A.B.U. Zaria.
Abashiya, M., Abaje, I. B., Iguisi, E. O., Bello, A. L., Sawa, B. A., Amos, B. B., & Musa, I. (2017). Rainfall characteristics and occurrence of floods in Gombe Metropolis, Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 10(1), 44-54.
Acheampong, R.A., Anokye, P.A. (2013). Understanding household residential Location choice in Kumasi’s peri-urban settlement and implication for sustainable urban growth. Journal of Research on Humanities and Social Sciences,3, 60-70.
Adedeji, S., Adeola B., Adeyemi C., and Kuyoro, P. (2011). Panorama: the day the heaven opened up in Lagos the tell: Nigerian Independent Weekly. Lagos: Tell Communications Limited. 30, 11-13.
Agbola, B. S., Ajayi, O., Taiwo, O. J., & Wahab, B. W. (2012). The August 2011 flood in Ibadan, Nigeria: Anthropogenic causes and consequences. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 3(4), 207-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-012-0021-3.
Agbonkhese, O., Agbonkhese, E. G., Aka, E. O., Joe-Abaya, J., Ocholi, M., & Adekunle, A. (2014). Flood menace in Nigeria: impacts, remedial and management strategies. Civil and Environmental Research, 6(4), 32-40.
Alam, K., Herson, M. and O‟Donnel, I. (2008). Flood disasters: learning from previous relief and recovery operations. Prevention Consortium and ALNAP.
Amos, B. B., Musa, I., Abashiya, M., & Abaje, I. B. (2015). Impacts of cement dust emissions on soils within 10km radius in Ashaka area, Gombe State, Nigeria. Environment and Pollution, 4(1), 29.
Azua, S., Youngu, T. T., Aliyu, Y. A., Shebe, M. W., & Sule, J. O. (2019). Spatial multi-criteria analysis for mapping of flood vulnerable areas in Fagge Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. FUTY Journal of the Environment, 13(1), 23-35.
Baker, J. (2012). Climate change, disaster risk, and the urban poor: Cities building resilience for a changing world. World Bank Publications, Washington, DC.
Hashidu, B. R., & Muhammed, B. U. (2018). Road transport development and urban growth in Gombe Metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS, 7(1), 2675-2684.
Balica, S.F. (2007). Development and application of flood vulnerability indices for various spatial scales. Unpublished Masters Thesis, UNESCO-IHE Institute for water Education, the Netherlands.
Clement, A. R. (2013). An application of Geographic Information System in mapping flood risk zones in a north central city in Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7(6), 365-371.
Balzerek, H., Werner, F., Jurgen, H., Klaus-Martin, M. & Markus, R. (2003). Man-made flood disaster in the savanna town of Gombe, north-east Nigeria. Erdkunde, 94-109.
Bates, F.L. & Peacock, W.G. (1987). Disasters and Social Change. Franco Angeli Press, Milan, pp. 291–330.
Bamidele, O. F., & Badiora, A. I. (2019). Flood Disaster Vulnerability in North Central Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 3(12), 42-49.
Biondi, D., & De Luca, D. L. (2013). Performance assessment of a Bayesian Forecasting System (BFS) for real-time flood forecasting. Journal of Hydrology, 479, 51-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.11.019.
Chamber, R., (1989). Rural development: Putting the last first. Essex: Longman.
Chan, Y., & Mori, M. (2011). Web-based flood monitoring system using Google Earth and 3D GIS. In 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (pp. 1902-1905). IEEE.
Clark, G. E., Moser, S. C., Ratick, S. J., Dow, K., Meyer, W. B., Emani, S., ... & Schwarz, H. E. (1998). Assessing the vulnerability of coastal communities to extreme storms: the case of Revere, MA., USA. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change, 3(1), 59-82.
Webster, T., McGuigan, K., Collins, K., & MacDonald, C. (2014). Integrated river and coastal hydrodynamic flood risk mapping of the lahave river estuary and town of Bridgewater, Nova Scotia, Canada. Water, 6(3), 517-546. https://doi.org/10.3390/w6030517.
Cutter, S. L. (1996). Vulnerability to environmental hazards. Progress in human geography, 20(4), 529-539. https://doi.org/10.1177/030913259602000407.
Cutter, S. L., Boruff, B. J., & Shirley, W. L. (2012). Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. In Hazards vulnerability and environmental justice (pp. 143-160). Routledge.
Dabara, I. D., Gumnie, R. J., Nwosu, A., & Abdulazeez, H. O. (2014). Analysis of the relationships of urbanization dynamics and incidences of urban flood disaster in Gombe metropolis. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 4(17), 158-165.
Daffi, R. E., Okun, J. A., & Ismail, A. (2014). Flood vulnerability assessment of River Dep floodplains in North Central Nigeria. International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, 6(2), 6-72.
Daniel, D.I., Juji, G.R., Aziukwu, N.A., & Omiola, A.H. (2012). Analysis of the relationships between urban dynamics and incidences of urban flood disaster in Gombe Metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 14(2), 520-550.
Dewan, A.M. (2013). Vulnerability and risk assessment of floods in a Megacity. Springer: Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
Douglas, I., Alam, K., Maghenda, M., Mcdonnell, Y., McLean, L., & Campbell, J. (2008). Unjust waters: climate change, flooding and the urban poor in Africa. Environment and urbanization, 20(1), 187-205. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247808089156.
Eguaroje, O., Alaga, T., Ogbole, J., Omolere, S., Alwadood, J., Kolawole, I., ... & Ajileye, O. O. (2015). Flood vulnerability assessment of Ibadan city, Oyo state, Nigeria. World Environment, 5(4), 149-159.
Ejikeme, J. O., Igbokwe, J. I., Ezeomedo, I. C., Aweh, D. S., & Akinroye, R. (2015). Analysis of risks and impacts of flooding with satellite remote sensing. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 5(4), 1-8.
Emmanuel, A. (2016). Socio-economic impact of flooding in the Niger Delta Region. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 3(3), 369-377.
Eze, J. N., Vogel, C., & Ibrahim, P. A. (2018). Assessment of social vulnerability of households to floods in Niger State, Nigeria. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 84, 22-34.
Feng, B., Zhang, Y. & Bourke, R. (2021). Urbanization impacts on flood risks based on urban growth data and coupled flood models. Nat Hazards, 106, 613–627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04480-0.
Hardoy, J.E., Mitlin D. & Satterthwaite, D. (2013). Environmental problems in an urbanizing world: Finding solutions in cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Routledge, New York.
Henderson, L. J. (2004). Emergency and disaster: Pervasive risk and public bureaucracy in developing nations. Public Organization Review, 4(2), 103-119.
Huq, S., Kovats, S., Reid, H., & Satterthwaite, D. (2007). Reducing risks to cities from disasters and climate change. Environment and urbanization, 19(1), 3-15.
Karmakar, S., Simonovic, S., Peck, A. & Black, J., (2010). An information system for risk-vulnerability assessment to flood. Journal of Geographic Information System, 2(2), 129-146.
Mojaddadi, H., Pradhan, B., Nampak, H., Ahmad, N., & Ghazali, A. H. B. (2017). Ensemble machine-learning-based geospatial approach for flood risk assessment using multi-sensor remote-sensing data and GIS. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 8(2), 1080-1102. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2017.1294113.
Obaje, N. G., Abaa, S. I., Najime, T., & Suh, C. E. (1999). A brief petrographic review on Nigerian coal resources. Journal of mining and geology, 36(1), 19-28.
Olanrewaju, R., Ekiotuasinghan, B., & Akpan, G. (2017). Analysis of rainfall pattern and flood incidences in Warri Metropolis, Nigeria. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 10(4), 83-97.
Sohn, W., Kim, J. H., Li, M. H., Brown, R. D., & Jaber, F. H. (2020). How does increasing impervious surfaces affect urban flooding in response to climate variability?. Ecological Indicators, 118, 106774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106774.
Wahistrom, M. & Guha-Sapir, D. (2015). The human cost of weather-related disasters 1995–2015. UNISDR.
Wang, Y., Li, Z., Tang, Z., & Zeng, G. (2011). A GIS-based spatial multi-criteria approach for flood risk assessment in the Dongting Lake Region, Hunan, Central China. Water resources management, 25(13), 3465-3484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-011-9866-2.
Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., & Davis, I., (2004). At risk: natural hazards, people’s vulnerability and disasters, 2nd edn. Routledge.
Zhang, H., Cheng, J., Wu, Z., Li, C., Qin, J., & Liu, T. (2018). Effects of impervious surface on the spatial distribution of urban waterlogging risk spots at multiple scales in Guangzhou, South China. Sustainability, 10(5), 1589. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051589.
Published
2022-08-28
How to Cite
DOHO, Faiza Mahdi; FALOLA, Julius Afolabi; YUNUS, Sulaiman.
Vulnerability Dynamics and Urban Flood Hazardscape Pattern: A Geospatial Analysis in Gombe City, Nigeria.
Geosfera Indonesia, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 2, p. 194-206, aug. 2022.
ISSN 2614-8528.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/GEOSI/article/view/28233>. Date accessed: 26 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v7i2.28233.
Section
Original Research Articles
