Improving the Urban Planning of the Green Zones in Al-Dammam Metropolitan Area, KSA, Using Integrated GIS location-allocation and Accessibility Models
Abstract
In the present study, the location-allocation and the accessibility models of GIS were integrated with the urban planning standards of the Ministry of Municipal and Rural affairs of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in order to enhance the spatial planning and the environmental sustainability of the green zones in Al-Dammam Metropolitan area, KSA. The integration of these models provides a framework for investigating the efficiency of the spatial distribution of the green zones and generating alternatives either by suggesting new effective service or by improving an existing one. To achieve these purposes, the accessibility within (5, 10 and 15) minutes to the service areas in the green zones that is classified into nine types (“neighborhood gardens”, “specialized parks”, “cities gardens”, “children’s gardens”, “district gardens”, “streets and squares gardens”, “sports city”, “Sports clubs” and “Playgrounds”) was analyzed through analyzing the network structure of the green zones in Al-Dammam Metropolitan area. The location-allocation model was used based on the maximum coverage within response time of no more than 10 minutes.The study revealed poor distribution of the green zones, the low per capita green zones rates with only (3.52 m2/person) and there were no green zones in 45 districts representing 33.3% of the total districts in the investigated area. Consequently, Al-Dammam Metropolitan area suffers from the weakness of the green zones structure and the shortage in fulfilling the needs of population. The current needs were determined as nine services by two “sports cities”, two “sports clubs”, two “streets and Squares gardens”, one “district garden”, one “children’s garden” and one “specialized park”. It is recommended that the results of this study be taken into consideration by the decision makers while developing the urban planning strategies for improving the infrastructure efficiency as the KSA vision 2030.
Keywords: Urban planning; environmental sustainability; green zones; accessibility; location-allocation models; fair and efficient spatial distribution; KSA vision 2030.
Copyright (c) 2020 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License
References
Abdulkader, M.(2018).“Using GIS for Determining Variations in Health Access in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia.” ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 7 (7): 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7070254.
Angela, L. (2014). “There’s a meadow outside my workplace’: A phenomenological exploration of aesthetics and green roofs in Chicago and Toronto.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 126: 94-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.008.
Bahram, S., Mohammad, S., Biswajeet, P., and Mostafa, G. (2018). “Optimized Location-Allocation of Earthquake Relief Centers Using PSO and ACO, Complemented by GIS, Clustering, and TOPSIS.”ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf, 7 (8): 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7080292.
Bolund, P., and Hunhammar, S. (1999). “Ecosystem services in urban areas.” Ecological Economics.29 (2): 293–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00013-0.
Castella, J., Manh, P., Kam S., Villano, L., and Tronche, N. (2005).“Analysis of Village Accessibility and Its Impact on Land Use Dynamics in a Mountainous Province Of Northern Vietnam.”Applied Geography. 25 (4): 308–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2005.07.003.
Cho, C. (1998). “An equity-efficiency trade-off model for the optimum location of medical care facilities.”Socio-Econ.Plan. Sci. 32 (2): 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0121(97)00007-4.
Cody, B., and Heather, A. (2017).“Green urban landscapes and school-level academic performance.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 160: 16-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.11.011.
Coombes, E., Jones, P., and Hillsdon, M. (2010). “The relationship of physical activity and overweight tot objectively measured green space accessibility and use.” Social Science & Medicine. 70 (6): 816–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.020.
Cromley, E., and McLafferty, S. (2002). “GIS and Public Health; the Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA.
Dai, D. (2011). “Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Urban Green Space Accessibility: Where to Intervene?.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 102 (4): 234-244.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.05.002.
Dallimer, M., Rouquette, R., Skinner, J., Armsworth, R., Maltby, M., Warren, H., and Kevin, J. (2012).“Contrasting patterns in species richness of birds, butterflies and plants along riparian corridors in an urban landscape.”Diversityand Distributions. 18 (8): 742–753. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00891.x.
Daniel, R., Paul, P., and Rachel, O. (2017).“Impacts of population density and wealth on the quantity and structure of urban green space in tropical Southeast Asia.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 157: 553-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.09.005.
Daniels, D., and Kirkpatrick, B. (2006).“Comparing the characteristics of front and back domestic gardens in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 87 (4): 344-352.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.11.004.
Daskin, M., and Dean, L. (2004).“Location of health care facilities. Handbook of OR/MS in Health Care: AHandbook of Methods and Applications.” Evanston, IL. 43–76, http://www.econ.upf.edu/~ramalhin/Referencias/Daskin_2004.pdf
De Vries, S., Verheij, A., Groenewegen, P., and Spreeuwenberg, P. (2003). “Natural environments-Healthy environments?An exploratory analysis of the relationship between green space and health.” Environ. Plan A. 35 (10):1717–1731, https://doi.org/10.1068/a35111.
Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs.(2019). “A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan to Improve theEnvironment; HM Government: London, UK, 2018.”Int. J.Environ. Res. Public Health,2019, 16, 3373 13 of 15.
Dinand, E., and Sjerp, V. (2017). “Nearby green space and human health: Evaluating accessibility metrics.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 157: 214-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.06.008.
Dong, W., Gregory, B., and Yan, L. (2015).“The physical and non-physical factors that influence perceived access to urban parks.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 133: 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.09.007.
Dongkun, L., and Hyeyeong, C. (2011).“Estimating the Impacts of Urban Expansion on Landscape Ecology: Forestland Perspective in the Greater Seoul Metropolitan Area.”Journal of Urban Planning and Development. 137 (4): 425-437. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000090.
ESRI.Arc GIS. (2019). version 10X help, http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/latest/extensions/network-analyst/locationallocation.htm.
Fan, P., Lihua, X., Wenze, Y., and Jiquan, C. (2017). “Accessibility of public urban green space in an urban periphery: The case of Shanghai.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 165, 177-192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.11.007.
Fangying, G., Zhao-Cheng, Z., and Edward, N. (2016). “Modeling Elderly Accessibility to Urban Green Space in High Density Cities: A Case Study of Hong Kong.” Procedia Environmental Sciences. 36: 90 – 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.09.018.
Fisher, H., and Rushton, G. (1979). “Spatial efficiency of service locations and the regional development process papers.” Regional Science Association. 42 (1): 83-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1979.tb01066.x
Francisco, J., José, A., Emilio, H., Silvia, L., Jin, S., María, N., and Alejandro, R. (2017). “Network and Spatial Analysis to Assess and Guide Decisions about Equitable Accessibility to Health Services: The Public Palliative Care System in Extremadura (Spain).” Diversity and Equality in Health and Care. 14 (4): 184-192. DOI: 10.21767/2049-5471.1000110.
Geurs, K. (2004). “Accessibility Evaluation of Land-Use and Transport Strategies Reviewand Research Directions.”Journal of Transport Geography. 12 (2): 127-140.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2003.10.005.
Gould, P. (1969). “Spatial Diffusion.Resource Paper, 17.”Association of American Geographers, Washington DC.
Greg, B., Morgan, S., and Delene, W. (2014).“Using participatory GIS to measure physical activity and urban park benefits.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 121: 34-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.09.006.
Haifeng, L., Wenbo, C., and Wei, H. (2015). “Planning of Green Space Ecological Network in Urban Areas: An Example of Nanchang, China” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 12 (10): 12884-12904. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121012889.
Hakimi, S. (1964).“Optimum locations of switching centers and the absolute centers and medians of a graph.”Oper. Res. 12 (3): 450–459. https://www.jstor.org/stable/168125.
Hand, L., Freeman, C., Seddon, J., Stein, A., and van Heezik, Y. (2016). “A novel method for fine-scale biodiversity assessment and predictionacross diverse urban landscapes reveals social deprivation-relatedinequalities in private, not public spaces.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 151: 33-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.03.002.
Hao, Z., Po, Y., Lai, a., and Jim, Y. (2017).“Species diversity and spatial pattern of old and precious trees in Macau.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 162: 56-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.02.002.
Herrera, R., Markevych, I., Berger, U., Genuneit, J., Gerlich, J., Nowak, D., Schlotz, W., Vogelberg, C.,VonMutius, E., and Weinmayr, G. (2018). “Greenness and job-related chronic stress in young adults: A prospectivecohort study in Germany.” Br. Med. J. Open Access. 8 (6): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021599.
Howerton, C. (2006). “GIS Network Analyses of fire department response time Dallas Texas, Course project for GEOG 4550.” University of North Texas.
Hu, B., He, Y., Lu, X., and Chen, W. (2005). “Green Space Accessibility Research Based on GIS: Taking Shenyang as an Example.” Journal of Shenyang Architectural and Civil Engineering Institute. 21: 671-675.
Hunadi, M. (2014). “Measuring Access to Primary Health Care: Use of a GIS-Based Accessibility Analysis, Built Environment.” Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. 19-22, URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10204/7913
Imtiaz, A., Chandio, A., Matori, B., and Dano, U. (2011).“GIS-based Accessibility Analysis Using Suitable Land for Public ParksinLarkana City Pakistan.”Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology. 3(6): 553-557.
Javaid, A., Mudasir, M., Divya, S., and Asima, M. (2017). “Location-Allocation model applied to urban public services: Spatial analysis of fire stations in Mysore urban area Karnataka, India.” International Journal of Advanced Research and Development.2 (5): 795-801.
Jim, C. (2015). “Assessing climate-adaptation effect of extensive tropical green roofs in cities.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 138: 54-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.014.
Jin, C., Lu, Q., and Fan, L. (2010).“Research on Accessibility of Scenic Spots in the Yangtze River Delta Based on Land Traffic Network.”Journal of Natural Resources. 25: 258-269.
Johannes, S., and Hubert, J. (2017). “National Parks and demographic change – Modelling the effects of ageing hikers on mountain landscape intra-area accessibility.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 163: 32-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.03.001.
Jürgen, B., and Martina, A. (2015). “Allotment Gardens Contribute to Urban Ecosystem Service: Case Study Salzburg, Austria.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 141 (3): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000264.
Kondo, C., Jacoby, F., and South, C. (2018). “Does spending time outdoors reduce stress? A review of real-timestress response to outdoor environments.”Health Place. 51: 136–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.03.001.
LA Rosa, D. (2014). “Accessibility to Greenspaces: GIS Based Indicators for Sustainable Planning in A Dense Urban Context.” Ecological Indicators. 42 (7): 122-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.11.011.
LA Rosa, D., and Privitera, R. (2013). “Characterization of Non-Urbanized Areas for Land-Use planning of Agricultural and Green Infrastructure in Urban Contexts.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 109 (1): 94-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.05.012.
Li, M., and Liang, F. (2009).“Accessibility and Service of Shenyang’s Urban Parks by Network Analysis.”ActaEcologicaSinica. 29: 1554-1562.
Li, Y., Shi, T., Yan, W., and Lu, N. (2016). “Accessibility Based on Optimization of Green Space Pattern—A Case Study of Shenyang.” Journal of Northwest Forestry University. 31: 285-290.
Liisa, T., Liisa, T., Marjut, I., Niina, V., and Osmo, K. (2001).“Forest management and public perceptions visual versus verbal information.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 53 (1-4): 53-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00137-7.
Lin, M., Hongtao, W., and Bing, L. (2019). “Convenience Analysis of Citizen Using Garden Green Space Basing on Road Network’s Accessibility.” Current Urban Studies. 7 (3): 311-320. DOI: 10.4236/cus.2019.73015.
Lina, B., Gaston, J., Fuller, A., Wu, D., Bush, R., and Shanahan, F. (2017). “How green is your garden?: Urban form and socio-demographic factors influence yard vegetation, visitation, and ecosystem service benefits.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 157: 239-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.07.007.
Ma, B., and Cao, S. (2006). “A GIS-Based Evaluation Method for Accessibility of Urban Public Green Landscape.”ActaScientiarumNaturaliumUniversitatisSunyatseni. 45: 111-115.
Ma, L., and Lu, Q. (2011). “Research on Landscape Accessibility of City Green Space Based on Traffic Network—Case Study of the Garden Green Space of the City Proper of Nanjing.” Journal of Chinese Landscape Architecture. 7: 92-96.
Ma, L., Xie, Q., Shi, S., Ye, X., and Zhao, A. (2017).“Regional maldistribution of China’s hospitals based on their structural system.”Sustainability. 9 (6): 1-18. https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:9:y:2017:i:6:p:1046-:d:101639.
Maas, J., Verhij, R., Groenewegen, P., De Vries, S., and Spreeuwenberg, P. (2006). “Green space, urbanity, and health: Howstrong is the relation?.” J. Epidemiol. Community Health. 60 (7): 587–592., http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.043125.
Mario, R., Antonio, P., and Catherine, M. (2014).“Walking accessibility to urban parks by children: A case study of Montreal.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 125: 38-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.02.002.
Marsh, T., and Schilling, A. (1994). “Equity measurement in facility location analysis: A review and framework.” Eur, J. Oper. Res. 74 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(94)90200-3.
Mirchandani, B., and Francis, L. (1990). “Discrete Location Theory”, John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA.1-576. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Discrete+Location+Theory-p-9780471892335.
Muge, U., Cengiz, U., and Ahmet, C. (2016). “GIS-Based Accessibility Analysis for Neighbourhood Parks: The Case of Cukurova District.” Journal of Digital Landscape Architecture.46-56, 10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w1-95-2016.
Ohta, K., Takano,S., Kagaya, S., Yamada, H., Minakami, H., and Yamamura, E. (2007). “Analysis of the GeographicalAccessibility of Neurosurgical Emergency Hospitals in SapporoCity Using GIS and AHP.”International Journal ofGeographical Information Science. 21 (6): 687 – 698. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810601135692.
Onishi, A., Cao, X., Ito, T., Shi, F., and Imura, H. (2010).“Evaluating the potential for urban heat-island mitigation by greening parking lots.”Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 9 (4): 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2010.06.002.
Pan, H., and Cong, B. (2012).“Spatial Accessibility of Scenic Spot at 4A Level and Above in China.”Scientia Geographic Sinica. 32: 1321-1327.
Puerto, J., Ricca, F., and Scozzari, A. (2009).“Extensive facility location problems on networks with equity measures.”Discret. Appl. Math.157 (5).1069–1085.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2008.03.035.
Rahman, S., and Smith, D. (1996). “The efficiency of inefficiency:The deployment of health facilities in rural Bangladesh,in: M. Alauddin, S. Hasan (Eds.).” Bangladesh: Economy,People, and the Environment, Department ofEconomics, University of Queensland, Brisbane. 197-209.
Rais, A., and Viana, A. (2010). “Operations research in healthcare: A survey.” Int. Trans. Oper. Res. 18 (1): 1–31, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3995.2010.00767.x.
Root, E., Silbernagel, K., and Litt, J. (2017). “Unpacking healthy landscapes: Empirical assessment of neighborhood aesthetic ratings in an urban setting.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 168: 38-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.09.028.
Samira, B., Alireza, V., Ali, A., and Hossein, A. (2018). “The Ordered Capacitated Multi-Objective Location-Allocation Problem for Fire Stations Using Spatial Optimization.” ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 7 (2): 20-44. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7020044.
Sarel, C., Marié, d., Juaneé, C., Ernst, D., and Francois, R. (2014). “Sustainable urban landscapes: South African perspectives on transdisciplinary possibilities.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 125: 260-270. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.02.009.
Strohbach, W., Haase, D., and Kabisch, N. (2009). “Birds and the city: Urban biodiversity, land use, and socioeconomics.” Ecology and Society. 14 (2): 1-15, http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss2/art31/.
Sturm, R., and Cohen, D. (2014).“Proximity to urban parks and mental health.”Journal of Mental Health and Policy Economics. 17: 19–24.
Tammy, D. (2004). “Location of casualty collection points.”Environ. Plan. C Gov. Policy. 22 (6): 899–912. https://doi.org/10.1068/c13r.
Tammy, D., and Zvi, D. (2007).“The gravity p-median model.”Eur. J. Oper. Res. 179 (3): 1239–1251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2005.04.054.
Tenley, M., and Jennifer, V.(2015). “Growing a diverse urban forest: Species selection decisions by practitioners planting and supplying trees.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 138: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.01.007.
Tratalos, J., Fuller, A., Warren, H., Davies, G., and Gaston, J. (2007). “Urban form, biodiversity potential and ecosystem services.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 83 (4): 308–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.05.003.
Triguero-Mas, M., Dadvand, P., Cirach, M., Martinez, D., Medina, A., Mompart, A., Xavier, B., Regine, G., and Mark, J. (2015). “Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: relationships and mechanisms.” Environment International. 77: 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.01.012.
Tsou, W., Hung, T., and Chang, L. (2005).“An accessibility-based integrated measure of relative spatial equity in urban public facilities.”Cities. 22 (6): 424–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2005.07.004.
Villeneuve, J., Jerrett, G., Su, J., Burnett, T., Chen, H., Wheeler, J., and Goldberg, S. (2012). “A cohort studyrelating urban green space with mortality in Ontario, Canada.”Environ. Res. 115: 51–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2012.03.003.
Wei, K., and Yang, N. (2016).“Walking Reachability of Urban Public Space: Nangang District.”Harbin. Planner. 32: 93-97.
Wood, L., Hooper, P., Foster, S., and Bull, F. (2017). “Public green spaces and positive mental health—Investigatingtherelationship between access, quantity and types of parks and mental wellbeing.” Health Place. 48: 63–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.09.002.
Wu, H., Liu, L., Yu, Y., and Peng, Z. (2018). “Evaluation and planning of urban green space distribution based on mobile phone data and two-step floating catchment area method.” Sustainability. 10 (1): 1-11, https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010214.
Wu, T., Prina, M., Jones, A., Matthews, E., and Brayne, C. (2015). “Older people, the natural environment andcommon mental disorders: Cross-sectional results from the Cognitive function and ageing study.” Br. Med. J.Open Access. 5 (9): 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007936.
Yasenovskiy, V., and Hodgson, J. (2007).“Hierarchical location-allocation with spatial choice interaction modelling.”Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 97 (3): 496–511. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00560.x.
Yin, H. (2008).“Urban Open Space—Pattern, Accessibility and Agreeable.”Nanjing: Southeast University Press.
Yin, H., and Xu, J. (2009).“Measuring the Accessibility of Parks: A Case Study in Shanghai, China.”2009 Sixth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, Shanghai. China. DOI: 10.1109/FSKD.2009.583.
Yin, H., Kong, H., and Zong, G. (2008).“Accessibility and Equity Assessment on Urban Green Space.”ActaEcologicaSinica. 28: 3375-3383.
Yuhong, T., and Jim, Y. (2011). “Factors influencing the spatial pattern of sky gardens in the compact city of Hong Kong.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 101 (4): 299-309.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.035.
Zhong, X., Fu, Y., and Feng, H. (2016).“The Accessibility patterns and City Types Based on Passenger Rail Transport in China.”Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin. 25: 1645-1653.
Zhou, G., and Guo, Z. (2004).”GIS-Based Researches on Urban Green Space on Landscape Gravity Field with Ningbo City as an Example.”ActaEcologicaSinica. 24: 1157-1163.
Zhu, X., Liu, S., and Yeow, M. (2005).“A GIS-Based Multi- Criteria Analysis Approach to Accessibility Analysis for Housing Development in Singapore.”Proceedings of SSC Spatial Intelligence, Innovation and Praxis: The national biennial Conference of the Spatial Sciences Institute, Melbourne.
Angela, L. (2014). “There’s a meadow outside my workplace’: A phenomenological exploration of aesthetics and green roofs in Chicago and Toronto.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 126: 94-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.008.
Bahram, S., Mohammad, S., Biswajeet, P., and Mostafa, G. (2018). “Optimized Location-Allocation of Earthquake Relief Centers Using PSO and ACO, Complemented by GIS, Clustering, and TOPSIS.”ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf, 7 (8): 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7080292.
Bolund, P., and Hunhammar, S. (1999). “Ecosystem services in urban areas.” Ecological Economics.29 (2): 293–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00013-0.
Castella, J., Manh, P., Kam S., Villano, L., and Tronche, N. (2005).“Analysis of Village Accessibility and Its Impact on Land Use Dynamics in a Mountainous Province Of Northern Vietnam.”Applied Geography. 25 (4): 308–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2005.07.003.
Cho, C. (1998). “An equity-efficiency trade-off model for the optimum location of medical care facilities.”Socio-Econ.Plan. Sci. 32 (2): 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0121(97)00007-4.
Cody, B., and Heather, A. (2017).“Green urban landscapes and school-level academic performance.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 160: 16-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.11.011.
Coombes, E., Jones, P., and Hillsdon, M. (2010). “The relationship of physical activity and overweight tot objectively measured green space accessibility and use.” Social Science & Medicine. 70 (6): 816–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.020.
Cromley, E., and McLafferty, S. (2002). “GIS and Public Health; the Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA.
Dai, D. (2011). “Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Urban Green Space Accessibility: Where to Intervene?.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 102 (4): 234-244.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.05.002.
Dallimer, M., Rouquette, R., Skinner, J., Armsworth, R., Maltby, M., Warren, H., and Kevin, J. (2012).“Contrasting patterns in species richness of birds, butterflies and plants along riparian corridors in an urban landscape.”Diversityand Distributions. 18 (8): 742–753. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00891.x.
Daniel, R., Paul, P., and Rachel, O. (2017).“Impacts of population density and wealth on the quantity and structure of urban green space in tropical Southeast Asia.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 157: 553-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.09.005.
Daniels, D., and Kirkpatrick, B. (2006).“Comparing the characteristics of front and back domestic gardens in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 87 (4): 344-352.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.11.004.
Daskin, M., and Dean, L. (2004).“Location of health care facilities. Handbook of OR/MS in Health Care: AHandbook of Methods and Applications.” Evanston, IL. 43–76, http://www.econ.upf.edu/~ramalhin/Referencias/Daskin_2004.pdf
De Vries, S., Verheij, A., Groenewegen, P., and Spreeuwenberg, P. (2003). “Natural environments-Healthy environments?An exploratory analysis of the relationship between green space and health.” Environ. Plan A. 35 (10):1717–1731, https://doi.org/10.1068/a35111.
Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs.(2019). “A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan to Improve theEnvironment; HM Government: London, UK, 2018.”Int. J.Environ. Res. Public Health,2019, 16, 3373 13 of 15.
Dinand, E., and Sjerp, V. (2017). “Nearby green space and human health: Evaluating accessibility metrics.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 157: 214-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.06.008.
Dong, W., Gregory, B., and Yan, L. (2015).“The physical and non-physical factors that influence perceived access to urban parks.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 133: 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.09.007.
Dongkun, L., and Hyeyeong, C. (2011).“Estimating the Impacts of Urban Expansion on Landscape Ecology: Forestland Perspective in the Greater Seoul Metropolitan Area.”Journal of Urban Planning and Development. 137 (4): 425-437. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000090.
ESRI.Arc GIS. (2019). version 10X help, http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/latest/extensions/network-analyst/locationallocation.htm.
Fan, P., Lihua, X., Wenze, Y., and Jiquan, C. (2017). “Accessibility of public urban green space in an urban periphery: The case of Shanghai.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 165, 177-192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.11.007.
Fangying, G., Zhao-Cheng, Z., and Edward, N. (2016). “Modeling Elderly Accessibility to Urban Green Space in High Density Cities: A Case Study of Hong Kong.” Procedia Environmental Sciences. 36: 90 – 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.09.018.
Fisher, H., and Rushton, G. (1979). “Spatial efficiency of service locations and the regional development process papers.” Regional Science Association. 42 (1): 83-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1979.tb01066.x
Francisco, J., José, A., Emilio, H., Silvia, L., Jin, S., María, N., and Alejandro, R. (2017). “Network and Spatial Analysis to Assess and Guide Decisions about Equitable Accessibility to Health Services: The Public Palliative Care System in Extremadura (Spain).” Diversity and Equality in Health and Care. 14 (4): 184-192. DOI: 10.21767/2049-5471.1000110.
Geurs, K. (2004). “Accessibility Evaluation of Land-Use and Transport Strategies Reviewand Research Directions.”Journal of Transport Geography. 12 (2): 127-140.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2003.10.005.
Gould, P. (1969). “Spatial Diffusion.Resource Paper, 17.”Association of American Geographers, Washington DC.
Greg, B., Morgan, S., and Delene, W. (2014).“Using participatory GIS to measure physical activity and urban park benefits.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 121: 34-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.09.006.
Haifeng, L., Wenbo, C., and Wei, H. (2015). “Planning of Green Space Ecological Network in Urban Areas: An Example of Nanchang, China” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 12 (10): 12884-12904. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121012889.
Hakimi, S. (1964).“Optimum locations of switching centers and the absolute centers and medians of a graph.”Oper. Res. 12 (3): 450–459. https://www.jstor.org/stable/168125.
Hand, L., Freeman, C., Seddon, J., Stein, A., and van Heezik, Y. (2016). “A novel method for fine-scale biodiversity assessment and predictionacross diverse urban landscapes reveals social deprivation-relatedinequalities in private, not public spaces.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 151: 33-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.03.002.
Hao, Z., Po, Y., Lai, a., and Jim, Y. (2017).“Species diversity and spatial pattern of old and precious trees in Macau.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 162: 56-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.02.002.
Herrera, R., Markevych, I., Berger, U., Genuneit, J., Gerlich, J., Nowak, D., Schlotz, W., Vogelberg, C.,VonMutius, E., and Weinmayr, G. (2018). “Greenness and job-related chronic stress in young adults: A prospectivecohort study in Germany.” Br. Med. J. Open Access. 8 (6): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021599.
Howerton, C. (2006). “GIS Network Analyses of fire department response time Dallas Texas, Course project for GEOG 4550.” University of North Texas.
Hu, B., He, Y., Lu, X., and Chen, W. (2005). “Green Space Accessibility Research Based on GIS: Taking Shenyang as an Example.” Journal of Shenyang Architectural and Civil Engineering Institute. 21: 671-675.
Hunadi, M. (2014). “Measuring Access to Primary Health Care: Use of a GIS-Based Accessibility Analysis, Built Environment.” Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. 19-22, URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10204/7913
Imtiaz, A., Chandio, A., Matori, B., and Dano, U. (2011).“GIS-based Accessibility Analysis Using Suitable Land for Public ParksinLarkana City Pakistan.”Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology. 3(6): 553-557.
Javaid, A., Mudasir, M., Divya, S., and Asima, M. (2017). “Location-Allocation model applied to urban public services: Spatial analysis of fire stations in Mysore urban area Karnataka, India.” International Journal of Advanced Research and Development.2 (5): 795-801.
Jim, C. (2015). “Assessing climate-adaptation effect of extensive tropical green roofs in cities.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 138: 54-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.014.
Jin, C., Lu, Q., and Fan, L. (2010).“Research on Accessibility of Scenic Spots in the Yangtze River Delta Based on Land Traffic Network.”Journal of Natural Resources. 25: 258-269.
Johannes, S., and Hubert, J. (2017). “National Parks and demographic change – Modelling the effects of ageing hikers on mountain landscape intra-area accessibility.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 163: 32-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.03.001.
Jürgen, B., and Martina, A. (2015). “Allotment Gardens Contribute to Urban Ecosystem Service: Case Study Salzburg, Austria.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 141 (3): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000264.
Kondo, C., Jacoby, F., and South, C. (2018). “Does spending time outdoors reduce stress? A review of real-timestress response to outdoor environments.”Health Place. 51: 136–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.03.001.
LA Rosa, D. (2014). “Accessibility to Greenspaces: GIS Based Indicators for Sustainable Planning in A Dense Urban Context.” Ecological Indicators. 42 (7): 122-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.11.011.
LA Rosa, D., and Privitera, R. (2013). “Characterization of Non-Urbanized Areas for Land-Use planning of Agricultural and Green Infrastructure in Urban Contexts.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 109 (1): 94-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.05.012.
Li, M., and Liang, F. (2009).“Accessibility and Service of Shenyang’s Urban Parks by Network Analysis.”ActaEcologicaSinica. 29: 1554-1562.
Li, Y., Shi, T., Yan, W., and Lu, N. (2016). “Accessibility Based on Optimization of Green Space Pattern—A Case Study of Shenyang.” Journal of Northwest Forestry University. 31: 285-290.
Liisa, T., Liisa, T., Marjut, I., Niina, V., and Osmo, K. (2001).“Forest management and public perceptions visual versus verbal information.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 53 (1-4): 53-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00137-7.
Lin, M., Hongtao, W., and Bing, L. (2019). “Convenience Analysis of Citizen Using Garden Green Space Basing on Road Network’s Accessibility.” Current Urban Studies. 7 (3): 311-320. DOI: 10.4236/cus.2019.73015.
Lina, B., Gaston, J., Fuller, A., Wu, D., Bush, R., and Shanahan, F. (2017). “How green is your garden?: Urban form and socio-demographic factors influence yard vegetation, visitation, and ecosystem service benefits.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 157: 239-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.07.007.
Ma, B., and Cao, S. (2006). “A GIS-Based Evaluation Method for Accessibility of Urban Public Green Landscape.”ActaScientiarumNaturaliumUniversitatisSunyatseni. 45: 111-115.
Ma, L., and Lu, Q. (2011). “Research on Landscape Accessibility of City Green Space Based on Traffic Network—Case Study of the Garden Green Space of the City Proper of Nanjing.” Journal of Chinese Landscape Architecture. 7: 92-96.
Ma, L., Xie, Q., Shi, S., Ye, X., and Zhao, A. (2017).“Regional maldistribution of China’s hospitals based on their structural system.”Sustainability. 9 (6): 1-18. https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:9:y:2017:i:6:p:1046-:d:101639.
Maas, J., Verhij, R., Groenewegen, P., De Vries, S., and Spreeuwenberg, P. (2006). “Green space, urbanity, and health: Howstrong is the relation?.” J. Epidemiol. Community Health. 60 (7): 587–592., http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.043125.
Mario, R., Antonio, P., and Catherine, M. (2014).“Walking accessibility to urban parks by children: A case study of Montreal.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 125: 38-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.02.002.
Marsh, T., and Schilling, A. (1994). “Equity measurement in facility location analysis: A review and framework.” Eur, J. Oper. Res. 74 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(94)90200-3.
Mirchandani, B., and Francis, L. (1990). “Discrete Location Theory”, John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA.1-576. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Discrete+Location+Theory-p-9780471892335.
Muge, U., Cengiz, U., and Ahmet, C. (2016). “GIS-Based Accessibility Analysis for Neighbourhood Parks: The Case of Cukurova District.” Journal of Digital Landscape Architecture.46-56, 10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w1-95-2016.
Ohta, K., Takano,S., Kagaya, S., Yamada, H., Minakami, H., and Yamamura, E. (2007). “Analysis of the GeographicalAccessibility of Neurosurgical Emergency Hospitals in SapporoCity Using GIS and AHP.”International Journal ofGeographical Information Science. 21 (6): 687 – 698. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810601135692.
Onishi, A., Cao, X., Ito, T., Shi, F., and Imura, H. (2010).“Evaluating the potential for urban heat-island mitigation by greening parking lots.”Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 9 (4): 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2010.06.002.
Pan, H., and Cong, B. (2012).“Spatial Accessibility of Scenic Spot at 4A Level and Above in China.”Scientia Geographic Sinica. 32: 1321-1327.
Puerto, J., Ricca, F., and Scozzari, A. (2009).“Extensive facility location problems on networks with equity measures.”Discret. Appl. Math.157 (5).1069–1085.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2008.03.035.
Rahman, S., and Smith, D. (1996). “The efficiency of inefficiency:The deployment of health facilities in rural Bangladesh,in: M. Alauddin, S. Hasan (Eds.).” Bangladesh: Economy,People, and the Environment, Department ofEconomics, University of Queensland, Brisbane. 197-209.
Rais, A., and Viana, A. (2010). “Operations research in healthcare: A survey.” Int. Trans. Oper. Res. 18 (1): 1–31, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3995.2010.00767.x.
Root, E., Silbernagel, K., and Litt, J. (2017). “Unpacking healthy landscapes: Empirical assessment of neighborhood aesthetic ratings in an urban setting.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 168: 38-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.09.028.
Samira, B., Alireza, V., Ali, A., and Hossein, A. (2018). “The Ordered Capacitated Multi-Objective Location-Allocation Problem for Fire Stations Using Spatial Optimization.” ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 7 (2): 20-44. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7020044.
Sarel, C., Marié, d., Juaneé, C., Ernst, D., and Francois, R. (2014). “Sustainable urban landscapes: South African perspectives on transdisciplinary possibilities.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 125: 260-270. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.02.009.
Strohbach, W., Haase, D., and Kabisch, N. (2009). “Birds and the city: Urban biodiversity, land use, and socioeconomics.” Ecology and Society. 14 (2): 1-15, http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss2/art31/.
Sturm, R., and Cohen, D. (2014).“Proximity to urban parks and mental health.”Journal of Mental Health and Policy Economics. 17: 19–24.
Tammy, D. (2004). “Location of casualty collection points.”Environ. Plan. C Gov. Policy. 22 (6): 899–912. https://doi.org/10.1068/c13r.
Tammy, D., and Zvi, D. (2007).“The gravity p-median model.”Eur. J. Oper. Res. 179 (3): 1239–1251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2005.04.054.
Tenley, M., and Jennifer, V.(2015). “Growing a diverse urban forest: Species selection decisions by practitioners planting and supplying trees.”Landscape and Urban Planning. 138: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.01.007.
Tratalos, J., Fuller, A., Warren, H., Davies, G., and Gaston, J. (2007). “Urban form, biodiversity potential and ecosystem services.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 83 (4): 308–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.05.003.
Triguero-Mas, M., Dadvand, P., Cirach, M., Martinez, D., Medina, A., Mompart, A., Xavier, B., Regine, G., and Mark, J. (2015). “Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: relationships and mechanisms.” Environment International. 77: 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.01.012.
Tsou, W., Hung, T., and Chang, L. (2005).“An accessibility-based integrated measure of relative spatial equity in urban public facilities.”Cities. 22 (6): 424–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2005.07.004.
Villeneuve, J., Jerrett, G., Su, J., Burnett, T., Chen, H., Wheeler, J., and Goldberg, S. (2012). “A cohort studyrelating urban green space with mortality in Ontario, Canada.”Environ. Res. 115: 51–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2012.03.003.
Wei, K., and Yang, N. (2016).“Walking Reachability of Urban Public Space: Nangang District.”Harbin. Planner. 32: 93-97.
Wood, L., Hooper, P., Foster, S., and Bull, F. (2017). “Public green spaces and positive mental health—Investigatingtherelationship between access, quantity and types of parks and mental wellbeing.” Health Place. 48: 63–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.09.002.
Wu, H., Liu, L., Yu, Y., and Peng, Z. (2018). “Evaluation and planning of urban green space distribution based on mobile phone data and two-step floating catchment area method.” Sustainability. 10 (1): 1-11, https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010214.
Wu, T., Prina, M., Jones, A., Matthews, E., and Brayne, C. (2015). “Older people, the natural environment andcommon mental disorders: Cross-sectional results from the Cognitive function and ageing study.” Br. Med. J.Open Access. 5 (9): 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007936.
Yasenovskiy, V., and Hodgson, J. (2007).“Hierarchical location-allocation with spatial choice interaction modelling.”Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 97 (3): 496–511. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00560.x.
Yin, H. (2008).“Urban Open Space—Pattern, Accessibility and Agreeable.”Nanjing: Southeast University Press.
Yin, H., and Xu, J. (2009).“Measuring the Accessibility of Parks: A Case Study in Shanghai, China.”2009 Sixth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, Shanghai. China. DOI: 10.1109/FSKD.2009.583.
Yin, H., Kong, H., and Zong, G. (2008).“Accessibility and Equity Assessment on Urban Green Space.”ActaEcologicaSinica. 28: 3375-3383.
Yuhong, T., and Jim, Y. (2011). “Factors influencing the spatial pattern of sky gardens in the compact city of Hong Kong.” Landscape and Urban Planning. 101 (4): 299-309.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.035.
Zhong, X., Fu, Y., and Feng, H. (2016).“The Accessibility patterns and City Types Based on Passenger Rail Transport in China.”Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin. 25: 1645-1653.
Zhou, G., and Guo, Z. (2004).”GIS-Based Researches on Urban Green Space on Landscape Gravity Field with Ningbo City as an Example.”ActaEcologicaSinica. 24: 1157-1163.
Zhu, X., Liu, S., and Yeow, M. (2005).“A GIS-Based Multi- Criteria Analysis Approach to Accessibility Analysis for Housing Development in Singapore.”Proceedings of SSC Spatial Intelligence, Innovation and Praxis: The national biennial Conference of the Spatial Sciences Institute, Melbourne.
Published
2020-04-10
How to Cite
ABDELKARIM, Ashraf.
Improving the Urban Planning of the Green Zones in Al-Dammam Metropolitan Area, KSA, Using Integrated GIS location-allocation and Accessibility Models.
Geosfera Indonesia, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 1-46, apr. 2020.
ISSN 2614-8528.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/GEOSI/article/view/16708>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v5i1.16708.
Section
Original Research Articles
