Spatio-Statistical Analysis of Rainfall and Temperature Distribution, Anomaly and Trend in Nigeria
Abstract
This study aims to examine the variability of rainfall and temperature based on spatio-statistical analysis. Data for the study was gotten from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency and subjected to statistical analysis using mean, standard deviation, time series analysis, t-test and correlation. The results of the study revealed that the mean rainfall in the area is 108.6 mm, mean temperature is 28o C and mean sunshine is 4.7 hours. The result further revealed that mean onset date in the state is 13th march, mean cessation date is 10th October while the mean length of rainy season is 223 days. The result also showed that rainfall anomaly index in the area ranged between -2.12 and 2.28 while temperature anomaly ranged between -2.31 and 1.73. The correlation coefficient showed that cessation (0.408) and Length of rainy season (0.406) is significantly related to rainfall, sunshine hours (0.380) and Average temperature (0.867) is significantly related to minimum temperature, sunshine hours (-0.389) and average temperature (0.749) is significantly related to maximum temperature while onset (-0.642) and cessation (0.509) is significantly related to length of rainy season. However,there is a significant difference in onset dates, cessation dates and length of rainy season in the area. The area is experiencing a significant increase in temperature, rainfall and sunshine hours and recommends that more tress should be planted in the area and Nigerian meteorological agency should also inform farmers about the onset of the rains so as to help the farmers prepare for the planting season.
Keywords: Climate; Rainfall; Anomaly; Temperature; Cessation; Onset
Copyright (c) 2020 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember
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References
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Odekunle, T. O. (2004). Rainfall and the length of the growing season in Nigeria. International Journal of Climatology: A Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 24(4), 467-479.
Olaniyan, E., Adefisan, E. A., Balogun, A. A., & Lawal, K. A. (2019). The influence of global climate drivers on monsoon onset variability in nigeria using S2S models. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 5(4), 1405-1428. doi:10.1007/s40808-019-00606-x.
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Umar, D. A., Ramli, M. F., Aris, A. Z., Jamil, N. R., & Aderemi, A. A. (2019). Evidence of climate variability from rainfall and temperature fluctuations in semi-arid region of the tropics. Atmospheric Research, 224, 52-64. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.03.023.
Walter, M. W. (1967). Length of the rainy season in Nigeria. The Nigerian Geographical Journal, 10(2), 123-128.
Vellinga, M., Arribas, A., & Graham, R. (2013). Seasonal forecasts for regional onset of the West African monsoon. Climate Dynamics, 40(11-12), 3047-3070.
Yacoub, E., & Tayfur, G. (2020). Spatial and temporal of variation of meteorological drought and precipitation trend analysis over whole mauritania. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 163 doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.103761.
Zhang, W., & Zhou, T. (2019). Significant increases in extreme precipitation and the associations with global warming over the global land monsoon regions. Journal of Climate, 32(24), 8465-8488. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0662.1.
Zhang, Y., & Fueglistaler, S. (2019). Mechanism for increasing tropical rainfall unevenness with global warming. Geophysical Research Letters, 46(24), 14836-14843. doi:10.1029/2019GL086058.
Abatan, A. A., Abiodun, B. J., Lawalc, K. A., & Gutowski, W. J., Jr. (2016). Trends in extreme temperature over nigeria from percentile-based threshold indices. International Journal of Climatology, 36(6), 2527-2540. doi:10.1002/joc.4510.
Ahokpossi, Y. (2018). Analysis of the rainfall variability and change in the republic of benin (west africa). Hydrological Sciences Journal, 63(15-16), 2097-2123. doi:10.1080/02626667.2018.1554286.
Aiyelokun, O., & Odekoya, O. (2016). Analysis of trend and variability of atmospheric temperature in Ijebu-Ode, Southwest Nigeria. International Research Journal of Agriculture Science, 6(2), 025-031.
Akinbile, C. O., Ogunmola, O. O., Abolude, A. T., & Akande, S. O. (2020). Trends and spatial analysis of temperature and rainfall patterns on rice yields in nigeria. Atmospheric Science Letters, 21(3) doi:10.1002/asl.944.
Asfaw, A., Simane, B., Hassen, A., & Bantider, A. (2018). Variability and time series trend analysis of rainfall and temperature in northcentral ethiopia: A case study in woleka sub-basin. Weather and Climate Extremes, 19, 29-41. doi:10.1016/j.wace.2017.12.002.
Ayanlade, A., Omotoso, F. E., Bisiriyu, L. A., Jegede, M. O., & Ayanlade, O. S. (2020). Communicating climate change impacts as manifested in extreme weather: a case of newspapers’ reports in Nigeria. In Handbook of Climate Services (pp. 401-421). Springer, Cham.
Bae, H., Ji, H., Lim, Y. -., Ryu, Y., Kim, M. -., & Kim, B. -. (2019). Characteristics of drought propagation in south korea: Relationship between meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological droughts. Natural Hazards, 99(1) doi:10.1007/s11069-019-03676-3.
Buba, L. F., Kura, N. U., & Dakagan, J. B. (2017). Spatiotemporal trend analysis of changing rainfall characteristics in guinea savanna of nigeria. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 3(3), 1081-1090. doi:10.1007/s40808-017-0356-2.
Dammo, M. N., Yadima S. G & Sangodoyin, A.Y. (2016). Modeling Trends of Temperature Effects on Water Level of Rivers in N/E Nigeria. Civil and Environmental Research. 8(4), 13-17.
Elferchichi, A., Giorgio, G. A., Lamaddalena, N., Ragosta, M., & Telesca, V. (2017). Variability of temperature and its impact on reference evapotranspiration: The test case of the apulia region (southern italy). Sustainability (Switzerland), 9(12) doi:10.3390/su9122337.
Eludoyin, A. O., Nevo, A. O., Abuloye, P. A., Eludoyin, O. M., & Awotoye, O. O. (2017). Climate events and impact on cropping activities of small-scale farmers in a part of southwest nigeria. Weather, Climate, and Society, 9(2), 235-253. doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-16-0032.1.
Fitzpatrick, R. G. J., Bain, C. L., Knippertz, P., Marsham, J. H., & Parker, D. J. (2016). On what scale can we predict the agronomic onset of the west african monsoon? Monthly Weather Review, 144(4), 1571-1589. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-15-0274.1.
Guevara-Ochoa, C., Medina-Sierra, A., & Vives, L. (2020). Spatio-temporal effect of climate change on water balance and interactions between groundwater and surface water in plains. Science of the Total Environment, 722 doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137886.
Ketema, A., & Siddaramaiah, D. G. (2020). Trend and variability of hydrometeorological variables of tikur wuha watershed in ethiopia. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 13(3) doi:10.1007/s12517-020-5139-9.
Meshram, S. G., Singh, S. K., Meshram, C., Deo, R. C., & Ambade, B. (2018). Statistical evaluation of rainfall time series in concurrence with agriculture and water resources of ken river basin, central india (1901–2010). Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 134(3-4), 1231-1243. doi:10.1007/s00704-017-2335-y.
Muthoni, F. K., Odongo, V. O., Ochieng, J., Mugalavai, E. M., Mourice, S. K., Hoesche-Zeledon, I., . . . Bekunda, M. (2019). Long-term spatial-temporal trends and variability of rainfall over eastern and southern africa. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 137(3-4), 1869-1882. doi:10.1007/s00704-018-2712-1.
NIMET (2008). Nigeria Climate Review Bulletin 2007. Lagos: Nigerian Meteorological Agency.
NIMET (2012). Nigeria Climate Review Bulletin 2012. Lagos : Nigerian Meteorological Agency.
Odekunle, T. O. (2004). Rainfall and the length of the growing season in Nigeria. International Journal of Climatology: A Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 24(4), 467-479.
Olaniyan, E., Adefisan, E. A., Balogun, A. A., & Lawal, K. A. (2019). The influence of global climate drivers on monsoon onset variability in nigeria using S2S models. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 5(4), 1405-1428. doi:10.1007/s40808-019-00606-x.
Onakomaiya, S. O. (2000). Ogun State: Local and regional perspectives. Centre for Sandwich Programmes (CESAP), Olabisi Onabanjo University.
Oyewo O.P. (2005). Trend in Rainfall in Northern Nigeria. Thesis University of Ilorin, Nigeria. Pp. 6-19.
Sharma, P. J., Loliyana, V. D., Resmi, S. R., Timbadiya, P. V., & Patel, P. L. (2018). Spatiotemporal trends in extreme rainfall and temperature indices over upper tapi basin, india. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 134(3-4), 1329-1354. doi:10.1007/s00704-017-2343-y.
Strahler, A.H & Strahler, A.N (1988). Modern Physical Geography, Publication: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, U.S. Pp. 45-82.
Tarfa, P. Y., Ayuba, H. K., Onyeneke, R. U., Idris, N., Nwajiuba, C. A., & Igberi, C. O. (2019). Climate change perception and adaptation in Nigeria’s guinea savanna: Empirical evidence from farmers in nasarawa state, nigeria. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(3), 7085-7111. doi:10.15666/aeer/1703_70857112.
Tesfaye, S., Birhane, E., Leijnse, T., & van der Zee, S. E. A. T. M. (2017). Climatic controls of ecohydrological responses in the highlands of northern ethiopia. Science of the Total Environment, 609, 77-91. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.138.
Umar, D. A., Ramli, M. F., Aris, A. Z., Jamil, N. R., & Aderemi, A. A. (2019). Evidence of climate variability from rainfall and temperature fluctuations in semi-arid region of the tropics. Atmospheric Research, 224, 52-64. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.03.023.
Walter, M. W. (1967). Length of the rainy season in Nigeria. The Nigerian Geographical Journal, 10(2), 123-128.
Vellinga, M., Arribas, A., & Graham, R. (2013). Seasonal forecasts for regional onset of the West African monsoon. Climate Dynamics, 40(11-12), 3047-3070.
Yacoub, E., & Tayfur, G. (2020). Spatial and temporal of variation of meteorological drought and precipitation trend analysis over whole mauritania. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 163 doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.103761.
Zhang, W., & Zhou, T. (2019). Significant increases in extreme precipitation and the associations with global warming over the global land monsoon regions. Journal of Climate, 32(24), 8465-8488. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0662.1.
Zhang, Y., & Fueglistaler, S. (2019). Mechanism for increasing tropical rainfall unevenness with global warming. Geophysical Research Letters, 46(24), 14836-14843. doi:10.1029/2019GL086058.
Published
2020-07-23
How to Cite
ADELEKE, Elisha Ademola; OREBAYO, Eniola Aminat.
Spatio-Statistical Analysis of Rainfall and Temperature Distribution, Anomaly and Trend in Nigeria.
Geosfera Indonesia, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 2, p. 226-249, july 2020.
ISSN 2614-8528.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/GEOSI/article/view/11250>. Date accessed: 13 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v5i2.11250.
Section
Original Research Articles
