Formal Education Leaves Women From the Tributes of Childhoods in South Kalimantan

Education is "upstream" in the development of quality human beings, both provincial scale such as in South Kalimantan and national scale that is Indonesia. Education has a "Downstream" many branches with positive benefits for men and women. For that purpose the formulation of this paper is how the role of formal education in releasing women from child marriage traps in South Kalimantan in 2012. Data Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (SDKI) Year 2012 became a secondary data source in this study, using the method of analysis secondary data. In accordance with the purpose of this study, this study uses the question module of married women aged 15-49 years in the Province of South Kalimantan 2012. The analysis is done by simple statistics in the form of cross-tabs displayed in the form of tables and bar charts. In order for the discussion to be more comprehensive, analysis is also conducted to find out the independent variable is the level of formal education of women who most contribute in releasing women from the trap of child marriage. The statistic test used is linear logistic regression with the first dummy mating age variable that is the first marriage age under 18 years and above 18 years, using SPSS software aid. Based on the results of the research is known that from the three levels of formal education, formal education at the level of primary education has the greatest contribution seen from the coefficient of determination that women who do not complete the level of primary education or equivalent to junior high education / equal 23.6 percent lead to marriage of children. This means that the higher level of formal education that can be achieved by women in South Kalimantan Province in 2012, the more women are able to escape from the marriage of children.  Keywords: formal education, women, traps, child marriage


INTRODUCTION
Education is "upstream" in the development of quality human beings, both provincial scale such as in South Kalimantan and national scale that is Indonesia. Education has a "Downstream" many branches with positive benefits for men and women. Educational support contributes to the first marriage age, and the first marriage age contributes directly to fertility as proposed by Kingsley Davis and Judith Blake. Davis and Blake are prominent demographic sociologists developing a very useful theory for analyzing the determinants of fertility rates in a country or a group of societies embodied in The Social Structure of Family Planning in 1956 (in Davis and Blake, 1982). They say that fertility is influenced by factors called intermediate variables or intermediate variables, one of eleven variables between that is the age of first mating.
In order to achieve the goals in the field of education, the government of Indonesia "Any marriage carried out below the age of 18 years, before the girl is physically, physiologically, and psychologically ready to shoulder the responsibilities of marriage and childbearing".
There have been many studies that conclude that education is the key to successful men and women, but more visible impact on women not to do early marriage. The Jensen and Thornton (2003) study suggests that early marriage tends to be a significant barrier to women's education. Conversely, improving women's education can contribute to delaying marriage for women. For that purpose the formulation of this paper is how the role of formal education in releasing women from child marriage traps in South Kalimantan. To see the education of women and the first marriage age (UKP) in South Kalimantan Province, questions were asked from the module of women ever married (1) V106 female education: respondent's education level, and (2) first marriage age V511: age at first cohabitation. The analysis is done by simple statistic in the form of cross table which is displayed in tabular form and bar chart. In order for the discussion to be more comprehensive, the analysis is also conducted to find out the independent variables of the formal education level (primary and secondary education, while the follow-up education can be used in the analysis because it does not meet the statistical test requirements used in the analysis) of women who most contribute in releasing women from child marriage traps in South Kalimantan Province. The statistic test used is linear logistic regression with dummy first mating age variable that is first married age under 18 years and above 18 years old.

Indonesia
Statistical test using software assistance is Statistical Package Social Science software (SPSS).

Results
Education channels in Indonesia consist of fomal education, non formal education, and informal education, all of which can complement and enrich each other. All that is contained in Law no. 20 of 2003 on National Education System. According to the law the definition of education is a conscious and planned effort to create an atmosphere of learning and learning process so that learners are actively developing their own potential, personality, intelligence, noble character, and skills needed by him / her, society, nation and state.
In this study will only analyze formal education in accordance with research objectives.
Formal education is a structured and tiered educational path that consists of basic education, secondary education and higher education. Formal education is held in schools in general with systematic, structured, multilevel, tiered activities, from elementary school to university and equals to it. Formal education consists of 3, namely (1)  Third, the result of the last analysis is that women who do not complete secondary education or equivalent with high school education or equivalent 3.3 times are at risk of early marriage compared with women who completed high school education or equivalent. Then from the determinant coefficient shows below that women who do not complete high school education or equal 3 percent lead to child marriage. BPS and UNICEF (2016) The sharpest decrease is in senior high school (SMA), when the pretensions dropped to 5 percent, higher education encourages women to marry after the age of 18 years. This is due to increased access and support for girls' education.

Discussions
From all the results of this study, it can be concluded that formal education at any level of impact on increasing the age of first marriage of women. It is recommended that girls attend formal schooling, the presence of women in formal schooling whether it is in primary school, junior high school, high school and higher education can delay marriage. The Government of Indonesia has a compulsory education program. The 6-year compulsory education program, then a 9-year compulsory education program in South Kalimantan Province and Indonesia requires every citizen to obtain primary school (primary) and junior high school (SD) for nine years in a formal school. The program is expected to increase to a 12-year compulsory education program for the entire population to receive secondary or high school (SMA) education. so that people in Indonesia go to school until the age of 18 years.
Age where a person is no longer a child category. Better still if women continue to higher education that is college. Estimates if the woman graduated from the degree program or the deed IV age of approximately 22 years, the age includes the age of adulthood, because a person is said to be an adult if it is even 21 years in accordance with Article 6 paragraph ( It requires appropriate government policies and programs to attract women to formal schooling. The advantages of formal education other than when graduated have a diploma, social interaction is honed well, interaction with teachers and interaction with fellow students. As Singh and Samara (1996) noted that formal schools form ideas and values, which have the effect of knowledge. Where once reproductive health education was taboo, it is now one of the compulsory subjects in formal schooling. In order for students to know such as reproductive health, maintaining good reproductive health, ideal first marriage age and the risk of child marriage. So that the marriage of children through education can be broken so as not to continue in the next generation.
The benefits of formal education in addition to releasing women from child marriage traps in South Kalimantan Province, formal education certificates became tickets for women competing in the job market, the chances of getting a decent job high. Working women will have income so that it has economic independence and can help the family economy. As the theory of economic independence in the Marshan (2011) study shows that as women are educated and have income, in marriage women will be less economically dependent and women with greater economic independence will delay marriage.
Education is one of the 17 global Goals of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the 4th global goal of quality education to be achieved by 2030. Quality education by ensuring equitable distribution of education and enhancing learning opportunities for all, ensuring inclusive education and fair and encouraging lifelong learning opportunities for everyone.

CONCLUSION
The role of education, especially formal education, led to the presence of women in the formal school environment. Formal education at every level, be it primary education, secondary education and higher education affects the increasing age of first marriage of women. The formal attainment achieved by women, the higher the level of achievement contributes to the release of women from the trap of child marriage in South Kalimantan.
Through proper planning the social problems that will arise can be addressed properly. One of the social issues concerning education for women trapped in child marriages that lead to dropping out or not continuing to higher education levels as well as unmarried women of any age but lacking a formal education diploma as envisaged can be overcome by education nonformal as an alternative solution. By joining package A, package B program, or other equivalent form in the non-formal education path. The role of schools to socialize and realize the importance of education, especially for girls to know what rights are owned as children and women. Thus, Indonesia in general and South Kalimantan in particular will have a strong generation if it has an educated and knowledgeable mother.