Analysis of Mapping Forest, Settlement, and Rice Field Areas in Konawe Selatan District, Indonesia

n.ac Abstract The rampant land-use change in Konawe Selatan District and the uncontrolled use leads to disaster and environmental stability effect, consequently, mapping the area function is important for controlling land-use activities to reduce the risk of disaster. Therefore, this study aims to determine the direction, distribution, and effective area of the function of forests, settlements, and rice fields. This study used a regional survey with a quantitative approach. Base map data of administrative, slope class, soil type, rainfall, and land-use obtained from the regional planning agency and SAS Planet were used and analyzed with quantitative descriptive analysis overlayed with scoring. The result showed that the direction of area functions was dominated by limited production forests by 50.05% while the distribution of protected forest function was spread across 14 sub-districts with limited production forests in all sub-districts, production forests in 17 sub-districts, settlements in 21 sub-districts, and rice fields in 9 sub-districts. Furthermore, the effective area shows that all area functions are accordance with the directions, except for rice fields which took over the function of forest while the effective area controlled by the regional planning shows that all area functions need correction following the regulation of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia. Areas which do not accordance with the function need to be evaluated, hence, regional planning is required to be revised by the people's representative in Konawe Selatan.


Introduction
Land-use change in Konawe Selatan District is rampant and the uncontrolled use leads to disaster and environmental stability effect. This was backed up by BPS (2020) data showing 77 flood cases and 17 landslide cases which indicated that there are human effects on land usage that does not accordance with its function. Therefore, land-use planning needs to pay serious attention to the regional capacity because changes in conservation areas such as deforestation cause flooding, landslides, and erosion (Appannagari, 2018;Hadmoko et al., 2017;Hamdani et al., 2014;Sejati et al., 2019).
The district has several steep slope areas with hilly morphology, this plays an important role in protecting the surrounding environment as environmental changes. Furthermore, landuse activities in line with land-use functions are important in maintaining environmental stability in the region and surrounding areas because analysis of the function of forest areas, settlements, and rice fields has a positive impact on the environment (Basu, 2017;Setiawan et al., 2013).
The suitability of land use practiced in the district is assessed with regional planning by determining the protected forest areas, limited production forests, permanent production forests, settlements, and rice fields. Determination of areas such as protected forests leads to sustainable development related to regional planning and spatial use as experienced by people in India and Indonesia (Latif, 2014;Shankar, 2012).
The creation of good planning goals is influenced by physical factors which are the receptacle for planning and important in the preparation of settlement land suitability (Sejati et al., 2020) while physical and non-physical data are essential in determining green zones and changes in land use in a region (Li et al., 2016;Suryani, 2019). The decree of the Agriculture Minister Number 837 (1980) states that the direction of land use functions is the basis for determining appropriate and permissible activities by considering the physical factors.
Moreover, determination of the direction of land use functions maintains environmental quality, regional sustainability and maximizes potential use space, consequently, this helps toavoid misuse that damages the environment. Meanwhile, regional planning is defined as an activity that involves spatial planning, space utilization, spatial use control, and use of a clear algorithm (Stewart & Janssen, 2014;Law Number 26, 2007). Masyhuri (2019) stated that changes in land use without planning and utilization that have a strong basis causes damage to the environment. Study related to mapping the function of the area with GIS includes Zhou et al. (2019) that tracked reforestation in the Loess Plateau in China after the "Grain for Green" project by integrating PALSAR and Landsat imagery with a map accuracy of 91%. Also, Hirschmugl et al. (2014) mapped forest degradation due to selective logging through time series analysis in Central Africa with map accuracy above 85% while Lister et al. (2020) used remote sensing data to improve the efficiency of National Forest Inventories in the United States National Forest Inventory. Another was Ganz et al. (2020) that used a combination of Aerial Images and Sentinel-2 satellite data compared to National Forest Inventory Data with an accuracy of 95.21%. Furthermore, Xu (2021) Nguyen et al. (2015) . However, complex forest areas, settlements, and rice fields haven't been examined by previous studies, and all previous research used remote sensing in form of single, double, and multiple data. This study combines remote sensing data from ArcGIS Imagery image and regional planning agency which were reviewed by the Regional Planning. However, the new thing is the complex mapping of forest areas, settlements, and rice fields equipped with an analysis of the actual function of the areas studied with remote sensing and geographic information system data, then reviewed with the Regional Planning at the district. The geographic information system maps forest areas, rice fields, and settlements in Konawe Selatan District with indicators in the Decree of the Agriculture Minister Number 837 (1980) while area functions were analyzed using spatial analysis capabilities (Amnah, 2016;Mann & Saultz, 2019;Rika et al., 2016). This study aims to determine the direction, distribution, and effective area of the function of forests, rice fields, and settlements in the district.

Methods
This study is a regional survey with a quantitative approach and physical data were collected using ArcGIS 10.4.1 software for personal use with license subscription while the map of the study area was in the Konawe Selatan District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia.
The distance between Konawe Selatan District Capital and Southeast Sulawesi Capital (Kendari City) is 37.3 Kilometers. Figure 1 shows the map of the study area.

Figure 1. Research Area Konawe Selatan Map
The base map which includes slope map, soil type map, rainfall map were used as physical indicators to determine the area function while the land use map was used to control physical map with actual conditions from ArcGIS Imagery image and the administrative map divided the maps into sub-district to assess the distribution. The slope map, soil type map, rainfall map, and administration map were obtained from the regional planning agency of Konawe Selatan District (BAPPEDA) with a scale of 1:25.000 in 2015 while the land use map was downloaded from the SAS Planet application in form of ArcGIS Imagery Image ECW data with scale 1:25.000 in 2021.
The data were analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis and was presented as an overlay with scoring equipped with a table of area, area difference, and percentage. The slopes, soil types, and rainfalls map were scored to determine the protected forest area while the map of area function was produced using the overlay method with scoring. Table 1  The criteria for determining forest protection were described in detail in the Decree of the Agriculture Minister Number 837 in 1980. The overlay results of the three score elements were summed and added to the criteria for determining forest area which include a minimum score of 175 or more in protected forest area, score between 125 to 174 in limited production forest area, minimum score of 124 or less in permanent production forest area, minimum score of 124 or less with slope between 2 to 8% in the rice field area, and minimum score of 124 or less with slope less than 2% in the settlement area.
The next data obtained was the direction of distribution and percentage and it was overlaid with the administrative map to become a regional distribution map per sub-district while the distribution map was overlaid with land use to become a map of the effective area which was analyzed to obtain the difference between the land use area. The effective area map was evaluated with the suitability of the South Konawe District Spatial Planning by considering the difference. Figure 2 shows the study flow chart.

Results and Discussion
All rainfalls in Konawe Selatan District are within the score range of 10 with an average annual rainfalls of 1727.029429 mm and average daily rainfalls of 4.7308571 mm which ranges between 2.23 mm/day and 6.33 mm/day. A score of 10 was obtained because it was included in the daily rainfall range of less than 13.6 mm which is a very low level or class I. Rainfall was used as a potential component of protected forest with annual data, this is convertible into daily data and given a score according to the parameters specified in the Center for Land Conservation and Soil Conversion (Fitrianti et al., 2013;Wardhana et al., 2020). Figure 3 shows the rainfall map of the Konawe Selatan District. with a score of 75. Meanwhile, kambisol soil is classified as high/less sensitive to erosion or class III with a score of 45. Soil type helps in determining the function of forest areas and shows the level of soil erosion, easily eroded soil has a higher score because the soil needs to be conserved to prevent erosion and disasters such as landslides (Hardianti & Harudu, 2019;Kurnianto et al., 2018). Figure 4 shows the soil type map of the South Konawe District. with a score of 60. The gentler the slope, the more suitable it is for residential land use and in this case a maximum of 25% (Dibyosaputro, 2016;Sakarov, 2019).

Land Use Map
The slopes are dominated by the structural karst hills landform with 87.84%, fluviotectonic with 8.93%, and anthropogenic with 3.22%, hence, the most structural karst hill slope is above 40% with 32.42%. The data shows that Konawe Selatan is hilly karst with various slope which spreads across the sub-district with metamorphic rock created due to faults (Maulana et al., 2018). Meanwhile, the fluvio-tectonic is a landform influenced by rivers and faults that have an energy source from plates in Indonesia (Kusumayudha et al., 2018). The faults in the district are Sangi-Sangi and Konaweha while the anthropogenic are smaller slope areas with activity in the rural settlement (Saadu et al., 2021). Figure 5 shows the slopes map of the South Konawe District. hectares or 31.84%, then regional potential mapping was used to determine strategic policies in the future (Faturahman, 2017). Table 4 shows the directions of the area function.  The map of the direction of regional functions was overlaid with a map of the subdistrict administration in the area to get a map of the distribution of regional functions. The most protected forest area functions are in Lainea Sub-district with 9,310.68 hectares, Wolasi mapping of forest areas is presentable in form of location distribution and potential suitability with regional planning.
Limited production forests are spread across all sub-districts with Kolono, Moramo, Angata, Buke, Palanga, Lalembuu, Laeya, Andoolo, and Tinanggea having more than 10,000 hectares while other sub-districts have less than 10,000 hectares. However, production forests are spread across 17 sub-districts with Laeya, Palanga, Baito, and Tinanggea sub-districts having more than 1,500 hectares while the other sub-districts have less than 1,500 hectares.
Settlements are spread over 21 sub-districts having more than 200 hectares, except the Buke sub-district with 12.7 hectares while rice fields are spread over 9 sub-districts with more than 200 hectares in Lainea, Kolono, Laeya, Ranomeeto, North Moramo, West Ranomeeto, and Sabulakoa sub-districts while Landono and North Moramo have less than 200 hectares. Zulfikar et al. (2013) stated that mapping of rice fields to determine the potential increases productivity as well as preventing inappropriate land conversion. Figure 7 shows the area function distribution map.

Figure 7. Area function distribution map of Konawe Selatan District
The distribution map is controlled with a land-use map whose base map is based on the ArcGIS Imagery image downloaded from the SAS Planet application to see the actual condition of the first stage. Thereafter, land use map was overlaid with a map of the distribution of area functions to get the corrected effective area and this is a combination of potential through physical base maps obtained from the regional planning agency of South Konawe District in 2015 and the actual situation through SAS Planet images in 2021. David (2016) stated that the ideal mapping of forests in accordance with National Parks is a followup to forest mapping in general while Farizki & Anurogo (2017) showed that GIS mapping and remote sensing images are used as complements. Figure 8 shows the land use map whereas Figure 9 shows the effective area function map in Konawe Selatan District. The effective area comparison between land use and direction of the area function (difference 1 in table 5) shows that all the functions of the area accordance with the direction, except the rice field area which exceeds the direction by 35928.33 hectares. The function of the area that has undergone conversion into rice fields is forest area with limited production forest of 30949.22 hectares. A large number of transmigrations is the motive for managing production forest land and limited production forest (Margono et al., 2012).
The effective area controlled by regional planning (difference 2 in Table 5)  The real area needs to be controlled with the target area in the regional plan such as the control of slum settlements in Bandung (Maula et al., 2019).
Regional planning as a law at the regional level through Regional Law number 19 in 2013 is controlled by a higher regulation, namely Decree of the Agriculture Minister Number 837 in 1980 as seen in the difference 3 under Table 5. Furthermore, the function of protected and conservation forest areas was corrected by a reduction of 69245.71 hectares, addition of 206759.69 hectares to limited production forest area, reduction of 55030.18 hectares in production forest, addition of 128972.60 hectares to settlements, and reduction of 10105.08 hectares in rice fields. Land use planning involves using the strongest guidelines such as in the Nairobi area that uses Kenya's local agenda 21 planning guide (Panek & Sobotova, 2015). Table 5 shows the result of the difference analysis between the direction area function based on the ministry of agriculture, effective area based on real land use interpretation of ArcGIS imagery, and the area based on the regional planning.

Conclusion
The direction and distribution of area function in the Konawe Selatan District show that all areas have potential functions. The forest area function has the biggest potential and the ability to control the disaster and environmental stability effect. Furthermore, the effective area shows that all area functions accordance with the directions, except for rice fields which led to reduction of the production forest while the area controlled by the regional planning shows the direction of excessive area functions in limited production forests and rice fields which reduced the protected forest area and the production forest. During regional planning of area functions, all functions area needs to be corrected for both addition and reduction following the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic Indonesia. The study on the area of regional planning as a law at the regional level is controlled by a higher regulation like Minister Decree, hence, an advanced study must investigate the suitability between map with actual site condition and regional survey that collects the data from villages in every sub-district.

Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest with any financial, personal, other people or organizations related to the material in this study.