Extraction, Phytochemical Profiling, and Antibacterial Activity of n-Hexane Crude Extracts of Macroalgae Padina australis
Abstract
Padina australis, brown macroalgae, has potential bioactive compounds that possess remarkable bioactivities including antimicrobial. The present study extracts macroalgae P. australis using Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) with n-hexane solvent, followed by screening phytochemical compounds. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity and MIC value of the n-hexane crude extracts of Padina australis was tested against Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Bacillus cereus by using the disc diffusion method. This result demonstrates the optimum time of UAE process is at 10 minutes that yields 0.117 %. The phytochemical screening of n-hexane crude extracts of Padina australis macroalgae revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids and phenols. Antibacterial activity of this extract against Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Bacillus cereus at 100 ppm concentration with inhibitory diameter range of 10.97 to 13.86 mm. Then, the n-hexane crude extracts of P. australis is potent against Bacillus cereus with MIC value of 6.25 ppm.
References
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Al-Barhawee, N. I. K., Wjdan Salim Qasim, W. S., and Abdlla, A. Y. (2023). Phytochemical analysis of Annona atemoya seed extract by HPLC and their ability to inhibit the growth of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J. Biodiversitas, 24 (1), 603-608.
Alcántara, C., Žugčić, T., Abdelkebir, R., García-Pérez, J. V., Jambrak, A. R., Lorenzo, J. M., Collado, M. C., Granato, D., & Barba, F. J. (2020). Effects of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Solvent on the Phenolic Profile, Bacterial Growth, and Anti-Inflammatory/Antioxidant Activities of Mediterranean Olive and Fig Leaves Extracts. J. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 25(7), 1718. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071718
Alhafizoh, F., Widiastuti, E.L., Nurcahyani, N., Juliasih, N.L.G.R., Setyaningrum, E. 2024. Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Potential Of Extracts Ethanol Macroalgae Padina australis From Tegal Mas Island Lampung. J. Analit: Analytical and Environmental Chemistry. 9 (1); 81-93.
Al-Zahrani, A., Al-Haj, N., Omer, H., & Al-Judaibi, A. (2014). Impact of Extracts of Marine Macroalgae on Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Journal of Microbiology Research. 4(6): 18-24.
Ariyani H, Nazemi M, Hamidah, Kumiati M. (2018). The effectiveness of antibacterial the citrus lime peel extract (Citrus hystrix DC) of some bacteria. Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2(1):136-141.
Atef, M.N., Shanab, M.S., Negm, S.I., Abbas, Y.A. (2019). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts against antibiotic susceptible and resistant bacterial strains causing wound infection. Bulletin of The National Research Centre. 43(144); 1-11.
Bhuyar, P., Rahim, M.H.A., Sundararaju, S. et al. (2020). Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using marine macroalgae Padina sp. and its antibacterial activity towards pathogenic bacteria. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci. 9(3): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-019-0031-y
Datta, F., Daki, A., Benu, I., Detha, A., Foeh, N., & Ndaong, N. (2019). Identification of antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria from rumen fluid on pathogenic bacteria Salmonella enteritidis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Using Agar Well Diffusion. Jurnal Kajian Veteriner, 66-85. https://doi.org/10.35508/jkv.v0i0.1590
F.B. Biswas, T.G. Roy, M.A. Rahman, T.B. Emran. (2014). An In Vitro Antibacterial and Antifungal Effects of Cadmium (II) Complexes of hexamethyltetraazacyclotetradecadiene and Isomers of Its Saturated Analogue, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 7. S534–S539.
Febrina, L., R. Rusli, & F. Muflihah. (2015). Optimization of Extraction and Secondary Metabolite Testing of Libo Plants (Ficus Variegate Blume). (In Indonesia: Optimalisasi Ekstraksi dan Uji Metabolit Sekunder Tumbuhan Libo (Ficus Variegate Blume)). J Trop Pharm Chem. 3: 74-81
Gazali, M. & Safutra E. (2016). Potency Screening of Antibacterial of Padina australis Hauck to Vibrio harveyii Bacteria. Journal Perikanan Tropis, 3(2), 163-175.
Gullón, B.; Gullón, P.; Lú-Chau, T.A.; Moreira, M.T.; Lema, J.M.; Eibes, G. (2017). Optimization of solvent extraction of antioxidants from Eucalyptus globulus leaves by response surface methodology: Characterization and assessment of their bioactive properties. J. Ind. Crop. Prod. 108, 649–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.07.014
Haryani, T. S., Triastinurmiatiningsih, & Ardiani, W. (2015). Effectiveness of Padina australis Extract as an Antibacterial for Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella typhi (In Indonesia: Efektivitas Ekstrak Padina australis Sebagai Antibakteri Vibrio cholera & Salmonella typhi). Jurnal Ekologia. 15(2): 16-20.
Haryani,TS, Triastinurmiatiningsih, dan Bina Lohita Sari. (2014). Effectiveness of Padina australis Extract as an Antibacterial Escherichia coli Causes Diarrhea (In Indonesia: Efektivitas Ekstrak Padina australis Sebagai Antibakteri Escherichia coli Penyebab Diare). Proceedings of the 5th National Biodiversity Seminar. Universitas Surabaya.
Hassan, I.H.; Pham, H.N.T.; Nguyen, T.H. Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Conditions For Phenolics, Antioxidant, And Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities of Vietnamese Brown Seaweed (Padina australis). J. Food Process. Preserv. 2021, 45, e15386.
Hidayah, N., Sumandiarsa, I. K., & Alqadiri, W. M. (2024). Screening of Phytochemical Compounds and Antifungal Activity of Padina sp. Extracted By Ultrasound Assisted Extraction Against Aspergillus flavus. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 27(4), 297–308.
Husni E, Ismed F, Afriyandi D. (2020). Standardization Study of Simplicia and Extract of Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) Peel, Quantification of Hesperidin and Antibacterial Assay. Pharmacognosy Journal. 12(4):777-783.
Ibrahim AM, Lawal B, Abubakar AN, Tsado NA, Kontagora GN, et al. (2017) Antimicrobial and Free Radical Scavenging Potentials of N-Hexane and Ethyl Acetate Fractions of Phyllanthus fraternus. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science. 25(2): 06-11.
Ikalinus, R., Widyastuti, S., & Eka Setiasih, N. (2015). Phytochemical Screening Ethanol Extract Skin Stem Moringa (Moringa oleifera). J. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus, 4(1), 77.
Kaczmarek B. (2020). Tannic Acid with Antiviral and Antibacterial Activity as A Promising Component of Biomaterials-A Minireview. Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 13(14), 3224. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143224
Kadi, A. (2015). Karakteristik Makro Algae Berzat Kapur di Perairan Tanjung Sira Lombok-Barat. Biosfera, 32(1):51-58
Kemenangan, F. R., Manu, G. D., & Manginsela, F. B. (2017). Growth Of Brown Algae, Padina australis, In The Coastal waters of Serei Village, West Likupang District, North Minahasa Regency. Jurnal Ilmiah Platax, 5(2), 243–253. https://doi.org/10.35800/jip.5.2.2017.17003
Kemer K, Paransa DSJ, Rumengan AP, Mantiri DMH. (2015). Antibacterial of several extracts of brown algae. Jurnal LPPM Bidang Sains dan Teknologi. 2:73- 81.
Kumar, S. R., Hosokawa, M., & Miyashita, K. (2013). Fucoxanthin: A Marine Carotenoid Exerting Anti-Cancer Effects by Affecting Multiple Mechanisms. J. Mar. Drugs, 11, 51305147.
Maharany, F., Nurjanah, Suwandi, R., Anwar E., Hidayat T. (2017). Bioactive Compounds of Seaweed Padina australis and Eucheuma cottonii as Sunscreen Raw Materials (In Indonesia: Kandungan Senyawa Bioaktif Rumput Laut Padina australis dan Eucheuma cottonii Sebagai Bahan Baku Krim Tabir Surya). Jurnal JPHPI. 20(1):11-18.
Nava-Solis, U., Rodriguez-Canales, M., Hernandez-Hernandez, A. B., Velasco-Melgoza, D. A., Moreno-Guzman, B. P., Rodriguez-Monroy, M. A., & Canales-Martinez, M. M. (2022). Antimicrobial Activity of The Methanolic Leaf Extract of Prosopis laevigata. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 20807. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25271-6
Normaidah, I. (2020) Review: Pathogenesis and Laboratory Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever (In Indonesia: Patogenesis Dan Diagnosa Laboratorium Demam Tifoid), Klinikal Sains: Jurnal Analis Kesehatan, 8(2), pp. 51–61. doi:10.36341/klinikalsains.v8i2.1409
Nuzul, P., Lantang, D., dan Dirgantara, S. (2017). Antibacterial Activity Test of Brown Algae Type Padina sp. from Sorido Beach Culture against Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella dysenteriae bacteria. (In Indonesia: Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Alga Coklat Jenis Padina sp. dari Pantai Sorido Biak terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Shigella dysenteriae). Pharmacy Medical Journal, 1(1), 16-25.
Palma, A.; Díaz, M.J.; Ruiz-Montoya, M.; Morales, E.; Giráldez, I. (2021). Ultrasound Extraction Optimization for Bioactive Molecules From Eucalyptus globulus Leaves Through Antioxidant Activity. J. Ultrason. Sonochem. 76, 105654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105654.
Panjaitan, R.S., & Farida, H. (2023). Comparison of Phytochemical Content and Toxicity of n-Hexana Extracts and Fractions of Padina australis. J. Educhemia. 8(2), 225-240.
Puasa ES, Mantiri DMH, Rumengan A. (2018). Antibacterial analysis of algae Padina australis Hauck in Totok Bay and Blongko Waters. Jurnal Pesisir dan Laut Tropis. 1(1):14-20.
Rusli, R., Hafid, M., & Badjadji, N. N. (2018). Test of the Antibacterial Effectiveness of a Combination of Paliasa Leaf Extract (Kleinhovia hospita L) of White Flower and Purple Flower Varieties on the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. (In Indonesia: Uji Efektivitas Antibakteri Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Paliasa (Kleinhovia hospita L) Varietas Bunga Putih Dan Bunga Ungu Terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus Dan Escherichia coli. J. Media Farmasi, 14(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.32382/mf.v14i1.92
Salosso Y, Aisiah S, Toruan LN, Pasaribu W. (2020). Nutrient Content, Active Compound and Antibacterial Activity of Padina australis against Aeromonas hydropilla. Pharmacogn J. 12(4):771-776.
Salosso Y, Prajitno A, Abadi AL and Aulanni AM. (2011). Study Potential Padina australis as an Antibacterial Natural in controlling bacteria Vibrioalginolitycus in Cultivation of Fish Grouper Rat (Cromeleptus altivelis). Journal Indonesian Natural Material. 7: 7.
Salosso, Y. & Jasmanindra, Y. (2018). Diversity of Brown Macroalgae in Kupang Bay Waters & Alginate Content Potential & its Phytochemistry. J. AACL Bioflux. 11(3): 598-605.
Salosso, Y.; Aisiah, S.; Toruan, L.N.L.; Pasaribu, W. Nutrient Content, Active Compound and Antibacterial Activity of Padina australis against Aeromonas hydropilla. Pharm. J. 2020, 12, 771–776.
Sari, D. P., Pangemanan, D. H. C., & J. (2016). Test of The Inhibitory Power of Brown Algae (Padina australis Hauck) Extract on The Growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis Bacteria In Vitro. J. E-GIGI, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.35790/eg.4.2.2016.13652
Shakya A.K. (2016). Medicinal plants: Future source of new drugs. Int J Herb Med. 4(4):59–64.
Sholikhah, E.N. (2016). Indonesian medicinal plants as sources of secondary metabolites for pharmaceutical industry. Journal of The Medical Sciences. 48(4); 226-239.
Sineke, F.U., Suryanto, E. dan Sudewi, S. (2016). Penentuan Kandungan Fenolik Dan Sun Protecting Factor (SPF) Dari Ekstrak Etanol Dari Beberapa Tongkol Jagung (Zea mays L.). J. Pharmacon. 5(1).
Wardani, F.R., Sapar, A., Alimuddin, A.H. (2024). Characterization Of Non-Polar Organic Compounds From Padina minor Macroalgae From Singkawang Waters And Antibacterial Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus And Escherichia coli. Jurnal Ilmiah Berkala Sains dan Terapan Kimia. 18(1): 1-18.
Adil, M., Filimban, F.Z., Ambrin et al. (2024). Phytochemical screening, HPLC analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant effect of Euphorbia parviflora L. (Euphorbiaceae juss.). J. Sci Rep 14, 5627 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55905-w
Aini, F. (2018). Isolation and Identification of Shigella sp. Causes of Diarrhea In Toddlers. J. Bio-Site, 04(1), 7-12.
Al-Barhawee, N. I. K., Wjdan Salim Qasim, W. S., and Abdlla, A. Y. (2023). Phytochemical analysis of Annona atemoya seed extract by HPLC and their ability to inhibit the growth of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J. Biodiversitas, 24 (1), 603-608.
Alcántara, C., Žugčić, T., Abdelkebir, R., García-Pérez, J. V., Jambrak, A. R., Lorenzo, J. M., Collado, M. C., Granato, D., & Barba, F. J. (2020). Effects of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Solvent on the Phenolic Profile, Bacterial Growth, and Anti-Inflammatory/Antioxidant Activities of Mediterranean Olive and Fig Leaves Extracts. J. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 25(7), 1718. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071718
Alhafizoh, F., Widiastuti, E.L., Nurcahyani, N., Juliasih, N.L.G.R., Setyaningrum, E. 2024. Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Potential Of Extracts Ethanol Macroalgae Padina australis From Tegal Mas Island Lampung. J. Analit: Analytical and Environmental Chemistry. 9 (1); 81-93.
Al-Zahrani, A., Al-Haj, N., Omer, H., & Al-Judaibi, A. (2014). Impact of Extracts of Marine Macroalgae on Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Journal of Microbiology Research. 4(6): 18-24.
Ariyani H, Nazemi M, Hamidah, Kumiati M. (2018). The effectiveness of antibacterial the citrus lime peel extract (Citrus hystrix DC) of some bacteria. Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2(1):136-141.
Atef, M.N., Shanab, M.S., Negm, S.I., Abbas, Y.A. (2019). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts against antibiotic susceptible and resistant bacterial strains causing wound infection. Bulletin of The National Research Centre. 43(144); 1-11.
Bhuyar, P., Rahim, M.H.A., Sundararaju, S. et al. (2020). Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using marine macroalgae Padina sp. and its antibacterial activity towards pathogenic bacteria. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci. 9(3): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-019-0031-y
Datta, F., Daki, A., Benu, I., Detha, A., Foeh, N., & Ndaong, N. (2019). Identification of antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria from rumen fluid on pathogenic bacteria Salmonella enteritidis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Using Agar Well Diffusion. Jurnal Kajian Veteriner, 66-85. https://doi.org/10.35508/jkv.v0i0.1590
F.B. Biswas, T.G. Roy, M.A. Rahman, T.B. Emran. (2014). An In Vitro Antibacterial and Antifungal Effects of Cadmium (II) Complexes of hexamethyltetraazacyclotetradecadiene and Isomers of Its Saturated Analogue, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 7. S534–S539.
Febrina, L., R. Rusli, & F. Muflihah. (2015). Optimization of Extraction and Secondary Metabolite Testing of Libo Plants (Ficus Variegate Blume). (In Indonesia: Optimalisasi Ekstraksi dan Uji Metabolit Sekunder Tumbuhan Libo (Ficus Variegate Blume)). J Trop Pharm Chem. 3: 74-81
Gazali, M. & Safutra E. (2016). Potency Screening of Antibacterial of Padina australis Hauck to Vibrio harveyii Bacteria. Journal Perikanan Tropis, 3(2), 163-175.
Gullón, B.; Gullón, P.; Lú-Chau, T.A.; Moreira, M.T.; Lema, J.M.; Eibes, G. (2017). Optimization of solvent extraction of antioxidants from Eucalyptus globulus leaves by response surface methodology: Characterization and assessment of their bioactive properties. J. Ind. Crop. Prod. 108, 649–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.07.014
Haryani, T. S., Triastinurmiatiningsih, & Ardiani, W. (2015). Effectiveness of Padina australis Extract as an Antibacterial for Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella typhi (In Indonesia: Efektivitas Ekstrak Padina australis Sebagai Antibakteri Vibrio cholera & Salmonella typhi). Jurnal Ekologia. 15(2): 16-20.
Haryani,TS, Triastinurmiatiningsih, dan Bina Lohita Sari. (2014). Effectiveness of Padina australis Extract as an Antibacterial Escherichia coli Causes Diarrhea (In Indonesia: Efektivitas Ekstrak Padina australis Sebagai Antibakteri Escherichia coli Penyebab Diare). Proceedings of the 5th National Biodiversity Seminar. Universitas Surabaya.
Hassan, I.H.; Pham, H.N.T.; Nguyen, T.H. Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Conditions For Phenolics, Antioxidant, And Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities of Vietnamese Brown Seaweed (Padina australis). J. Food Process. Preserv. 2021, 45, e15386.
Hidayah, N., Sumandiarsa, I. K., & Alqadiri, W. M. (2024). Screening of Phytochemical Compounds and Antifungal Activity of Padina sp. Extracted By Ultrasound Assisted Extraction Against Aspergillus flavus. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 27(4), 297–308.
Husni E, Ismed F, Afriyandi D. (2020). Standardization Study of Simplicia and Extract of Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) Peel, Quantification of Hesperidin and Antibacterial Assay. Pharmacognosy Journal. 12(4):777-783.
Ibrahim AM, Lawal B, Abubakar AN, Tsado NA, Kontagora GN, et al. (2017) Antimicrobial and Free Radical Scavenging Potentials of N-Hexane and Ethyl Acetate Fractions of Phyllanthus fraternus. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science. 25(2): 06-11.
Ikalinus, R., Widyastuti, S., & Eka Setiasih, N. (2015). Phytochemical Screening Ethanol Extract Skin Stem Moringa (Moringa oleifera). J. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus, 4(1), 77.
Kaczmarek B. (2020). Tannic Acid with Antiviral and Antibacterial Activity as A Promising Component of Biomaterials-A Minireview. Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 13(14), 3224. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143224
Kadi, A. (2015). Karakteristik Makro Algae Berzat Kapur di Perairan Tanjung Sira Lombok-Barat. Biosfera, 32(1):51-58
Kemenangan, F. R., Manu, G. D., & Manginsela, F. B. (2017). Growth Of Brown Algae, Padina australis, In The Coastal waters of Serei Village, West Likupang District, North Minahasa Regency. Jurnal Ilmiah Platax, 5(2), 243–253. https://doi.org/10.35800/jip.5.2.2017.17003
Kemer K, Paransa DSJ, Rumengan AP, Mantiri DMH. (2015). Antibacterial of several extracts of brown algae. Jurnal LPPM Bidang Sains dan Teknologi. 2:73- 81.
Kumar, S. R., Hosokawa, M., & Miyashita, K. (2013). Fucoxanthin: A Marine Carotenoid Exerting Anti-Cancer Effects by Affecting Multiple Mechanisms. J. Mar. Drugs, 11, 51305147.
Maharany, F., Nurjanah, Suwandi, R., Anwar E., Hidayat T. (2017). Bioactive Compounds of Seaweed Padina australis and Eucheuma cottonii as Sunscreen Raw Materials (In Indonesia: Kandungan Senyawa Bioaktif Rumput Laut Padina australis dan Eucheuma cottonii Sebagai Bahan Baku Krim Tabir Surya). Jurnal JPHPI. 20(1):11-18.
Nava-Solis, U., Rodriguez-Canales, M., Hernandez-Hernandez, A. B., Velasco-Melgoza, D. A., Moreno-Guzman, B. P., Rodriguez-Monroy, M. A., & Canales-Martinez, M. M. (2022). Antimicrobial Activity of The Methanolic Leaf Extract of Prosopis laevigata. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 20807. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25271-6
Normaidah, I. (2020) Review: Pathogenesis and Laboratory Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever (In Indonesia: Patogenesis Dan Diagnosa Laboratorium Demam Tifoid), Klinikal Sains: Jurnal Analis Kesehatan, 8(2), pp. 51–61. doi:10.36341/klinikalsains.v8i2.1409
Nuzul, P., Lantang, D., dan Dirgantara, S. (2017). Antibacterial Activity Test of Brown Algae Type Padina sp. from Sorido Beach Culture against Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella dysenteriae bacteria. (In Indonesia: Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Alga Coklat Jenis Padina sp. dari Pantai Sorido Biak terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Shigella dysenteriae). Pharmacy Medical Journal, 1(1), 16-25.
Palma, A.; Díaz, M.J.; Ruiz-Montoya, M.; Morales, E.; Giráldez, I. (2021). Ultrasound Extraction Optimization for Bioactive Molecules From Eucalyptus globulus Leaves Through Antioxidant Activity. J. Ultrason. Sonochem. 76, 105654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105654.
Panjaitan, R.S., & Farida, H. (2023). Comparison of Phytochemical Content and Toxicity of n-Hexana Extracts and Fractions of Padina australis. J. Educhemia. 8(2), 225-240.
Puasa ES, Mantiri DMH, Rumengan A. (2018). Antibacterial analysis of algae Padina australis Hauck in Totok Bay and Blongko Waters. Jurnal Pesisir dan Laut Tropis. 1(1):14-20.
Rusli, R., Hafid, M., & Badjadji, N. N. (2018). Test of the Antibacterial Effectiveness of a Combination of Paliasa Leaf Extract (Kleinhovia hospita L) of White Flower and Purple Flower Varieties on the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. (In Indonesia: Uji Efektivitas Antibakteri Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Paliasa (Kleinhovia hospita L) Varietas Bunga Putih Dan Bunga Ungu Terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus Dan Escherichia coli. J. Media Farmasi, 14(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.32382/mf.v14i1.92
Salosso Y, Aisiah S, Toruan LN, Pasaribu W. (2020). Nutrient Content, Active Compound and Antibacterial Activity of Padina australis against Aeromonas hydropilla. Pharmacogn J. 12(4):771-776.
Salosso Y, Prajitno A, Abadi AL and Aulanni AM. (2011). Study Potential Padina australis as an Antibacterial Natural in controlling bacteria Vibrioalginolitycus in Cultivation of Fish Grouper Rat (Cromeleptus altivelis). Journal Indonesian Natural Material. 7: 7.
Salosso, Y. & Jasmanindra, Y. (2018). Diversity of Brown Macroalgae in Kupang Bay Waters & Alginate Content Potential & its Phytochemistry. J. AACL Bioflux. 11(3): 598-605.
Salosso, Y.; Aisiah, S.; Toruan, L.N.L.; Pasaribu, W. Nutrient Content, Active Compound and Antibacterial Activity of Padina australis against Aeromonas hydropilla. Pharm. J. 2020, 12, 771–776.
Sari, D. P., Pangemanan, D. H. C., & J. (2016). Test of The Inhibitory Power of Brown Algae (Padina australis Hauck) Extract on The Growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis Bacteria In Vitro. J. E-GIGI, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.35790/eg.4.2.2016.13652
Shakya A.K. (2016). Medicinal plants: Future source of new drugs. Int J Herb Med. 4(4):59–64.
Sholikhah, E.N. (2016). Indonesian medicinal plants as sources of secondary metabolites for pharmaceutical industry. Journal of The Medical Sciences. 48(4); 226-239.
Sineke, F.U., Suryanto, E. dan Sudewi, S. (2016). Penentuan Kandungan Fenolik Dan Sun Protecting Factor (SPF) Dari Ekstrak Etanol Dari Beberapa Tongkol Jagung (Zea mays L.). J. Pharmacon. 5(1).
Wardani, F.R., Sapar, A., Alimuddin, A.H. (2024). Characterization Of Non-Polar Organic Compounds From Padina minor Macroalgae From Singkawang Waters And Antibacterial Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus And Escherichia coli. Jurnal Ilmiah Berkala Sains dan Terapan Kimia. 18(1): 1-18.
Published
2024-10-12
How to Cite
LENOERA, Agnes; PANJAITAN, Riong Seulina; PURWATI, Purwati.
Extraction, Phytochemical Profiling, and Antibacterial Activity of n-Hexane Crude Extracts of Macroalgae Padina australis.
BIOEDUKASI, [S.l.], p. 388-397, oct. 2024.
ISSN 2580-0094.
Available at: <https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/BIOED/article/view/51123>. Date accessed: 21 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.19184/bioedu.v22i3.51123.
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https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1920-0515
